Unconventional oil and gas policy: SEA
Environmental report for the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of our preferred policy position on unconventional oil and gas in Scotland.
Footnotes
1. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of unconventional oil and gas in Scotland. A Report for the Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
2. The studies are available at the following website: https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/onshoreoilandgas/EvidenceGathering
3. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of unconventional oil and gas in Scotland. A Report for the Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
4. Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
5. Extracted from Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
6. KPMG (2016) notes that at current gas prices, the development of two coal bed methane pads and associated production volumes would not generate high enough revenues to justify the investment. However the development of coal bed methane is included in the economic scenarios and Scottish Government has confirmed that these should be included in the business as usual scenarios.
8. The Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005
9. Advice to the Scottish Government on the New Climate Change Bill (2017) https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Advice-to-Scottish-Government-on-Scottish-Climate-Change-Bill-Committee-on-Climate-Change-March-2017.pdf
10. Unconventional Oil and Gas: Compatibility with Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets (2016) http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2016/11/1380
11. Committee on Climate Change (2016) Scottish Unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions target. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509324.pdf
12. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p.27 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
13. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel- Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
14. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
15. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
16. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas p.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
17. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.20 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
18. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
19. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. p.22 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
20. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf
21. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf
22. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. p.28 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
23. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.28 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
24. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P.28Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
25. KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p.7 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
26. Tyndall Manchester, 2014. The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Profile of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Production: A Review of Existing Research. Available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/33717093/FULL_TEXT.PDF
27. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas activities. Available at: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_6_Fugitive_Emissions_from_Oil_and_Natural_Gas.pdf
28. Congressional Research Service, 2016. An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Available at: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R42986.pdf
29. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2018. What are hazardous air pollutants? Available at: https://www.epa.gov/haps/what-are-hazardous-air-pollutants
30. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
31. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
32. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf
33. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
34. Congressional Research Service, 2016. An Overview of Air Quality Issues in Natural Gas Systems. Available at: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R42986.pdf
35. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
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38. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf
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40. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
41. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
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72. Transport Scotland, 2017. Scottish Transport Statistics No 35: 2016 Edition. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/33814/sct01171871341.pdf
73. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, 2017. Air Quality Pollutant Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2015. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1710060932_DA_Air_Quality_Pollutant_Inventories_1990-2015_v01-01.pdf
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76. Scottish Government, 2018. Pollutant information. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/waste-and-pollution/Pollution-1/16215/6273#anchor9
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86. Scottish Environment Protection Agency, undated. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Available at: http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=123
87. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf
88. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013
89. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
90. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
91. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.
92. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
93. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
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96. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
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99. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
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103. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102
104. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
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145. The Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
146. The Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
147. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
148. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf
149. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
150. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
151. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
152. Royal Society/Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012. Shale gas extraction in the UK: a review of hydraulic fracturing. Available at: https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/projects/shale-gas/2012-06-28-shale-gas.pdf
153. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
154. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
155. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
156. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
157. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf
158. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: /publications/unconventional-oil-gas-understanding-mitigating-community-impacts-transportation/documents/00509327.pdf
159. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
160. Maloney et al., 2016. Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes and risks to surface waters in four states of the U.S. Available at: http://environment.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Science-of-the-Total-Environment-Spill-Paper.pdf
161. Institution of Environmental Sciences, undated. Fracking: the debate. Available at: https://www.the-ies.org/sites/default/files/documents/fracking_the_debate.pdf
162. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
163. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
164. Maloney et al., 2016. Unconventional oil and gas spills: Materials, volumes and risks to surface waters in four states of the U.S. Available at: http://environment.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Science-of-the-Total-Environment-Spill-Paper.pdf
165. Institution of Environmental Sciences, undated. Fracking: the debate. Available at: https://www.the-ies.org/sites/default/files/documents/fracking_the_debate.pdf
166. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
167. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
168. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf
169. Broderick et al., 2011. Shale gas: an updated assessment of environmental and climate change impacts. A report commissioned by The Co-operative and undertaken by researchers at the Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester.Available at: http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/media/eps/schoolofmechanicalaerospaceandcivilengineering/newsandevents/news/research/pdfs2011/shale-gas-threat-report.pdf
170. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
171. SEPA (undated)Regulatory guidance: Coal bed methane and shale gas. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/139706/unconventional_gas_guidance.pdf
172. Government of British Columbia, 2016. Best Practices for Prevention of Saltwater Intrusion. Available at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/water-wells/saltwaterintrusion_factsheet_flnro_web.pdf
173. TNO, 2015. Inventory of technologies and developments for reducing (residual) risks in shale gas extraction. Available at: https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34618831/wHLFqd/TNO-2014-R10919-Ef.pdf
174. Lumens, 2014. Fibre-optic sensing for application in oil and gas wells Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Available at: https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/3823460/769555.pdf
175. Scottish Government (2011) The State of Scotland’s soil report. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf
176. Dobbie, K.E., Bruneau, P.M.C and Towers, W. (eds), 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil – Natural Scotland. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf
177. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)
178. The Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2009 No.266)
179. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
180. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.
181. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
182. The Radioactive Substances Act 1993 (1993 c.12)
183. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (2002 No.2677)
184. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (1990 c.43)
185. The Contaminated Land (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (as amended) (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2000 No.178)
186. For comparison the Alloa West Business Park allocated in the Clackmannanshire Local Plan (2015) p.117 covers an area of 53.48ha, Sauchie West housing allocation p.122 covers an area of 52.81ha. Available at: http://gis.clacksweb.org.uk/dataset/e0a14ab6-c461-436a-a7e0-ec9ff4c899e9/resource/aaa5ccb2-136a-48e5-b349-848d2ca27abc/download/clackmannanshirelocaldevelopmentplanaugust2015.pdf
187. Based on the assumption that an average well pad is the area of a football pitch (8,000m2) each KPMG scenario is therefore the (number of pads x 8,000), plus the area of 2 CBM pads at 16,000m2.
188. Also relevant to the Preferred Policy Position, if imported unconventional oil and gas continues to provide part of the energy mix in Scotland.
189. The Scottish Government, 2016. Alternative presentation using the categories used in the Climate Change Plan 2018. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00536547.docx
190. Committee on Climate Change (2016) Scottish Unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions targets Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
191. Ibid.
192. UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2016 – Annual Report for Submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Available at: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat07/1804191054_ukghgi-90-16_Main_Issue1.1_UNFCCC.pdf
193. Spudding is the process of beginning to drill a well. Initially, a larger drill bit is used to drill a surface hole, which is lined with casing and cement. After the surface whole is completed, the main drill bit is inserted to drill to total depth. This process is also known as ‘spudding in’.
194. https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Environment/climatechange/Newclimatechangebill
195. Scottish Government, 2018. Climate Change Plan Third Report on Proposals and Policies 2018 - 2032. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0053/00532096.pdf
196. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
197. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.
198. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012 No.360)
299. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
200. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
201. Howarth r.w., Santoro, R. Ingraffea, A. ( 2011). Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations Available at: http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/Howarth%20et%20al%20%202011.pdf
202. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2013. Potential Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Shale Gas Extraction and Use. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237330/MacKay_Stone_shale_study_report_09092013.pdf
203. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
204. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
205. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Scottish unconventional oil and gas: Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Scottish-Unconventional-Oil-and-Gas-Committee-on-Climate-Change-2016.pdf
206. Scottish Government, 2017. Talking ‘Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
207. UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Synthesis of the Key Findings. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.
208. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2501/nb10a_key_semi-natural_habitats.pdf
210. https://www.climatexchange.org.uk/media/2521/nb19_positive_condition.pdf
211. Ibid.
212. Natura sites are internationally important for threatened habitats and species.
215. The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994 (1994 No.2716)
217. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
218. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.
219. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
220. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 36. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
222. The presence of the drilling rig (height approximately 38m) when on site, has the potential to impact on the setting of historic environment features at greater distance from the well pad.
226. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46
227. Scottish Government (2014) Scottish Planning Policy. Available at: /binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/publication/2014/06/scottish-planning-policy/documents/00453827-pdf/00453827-pdf/govscot:document/
228. Based on longest timescale for exploration and appraisal, plus two years of production as outlined in Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, p.21
229. Total cumulative output for shale gas and associated liquids is assumed to be in the late 2040s based on KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p. 25 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
230. Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, p.22
231. SNH. 2014. Visual influence of built development indicator – 2013 data update - Technical note. Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-06/Natural%20Heritage%20Indicator%20-%20N3%20-%20Visual%20Influence%20of%20Built%20Development%20and%20Land%20Use%20Change%20-%202014%20update.pdf
232. Scottish Natural Heritage (2016) Landscape Indicator LLQ2 Perceived Naturalness of land cover in the Central Scotland Green Network Area (CSGN) https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Landscape%20Indicator%20-%20LLQ2%20-%20Naturalness%20of%20land%20cover%20in%20CSGN.pdf
233. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
234. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
235. 38m is referenced in Scottish Government (2017) Talking Fracking, 30m is referenced in Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas
236. Scottish Government (2014) Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
237. Based on 2-6 years for exploration and appraisal and drilling rig being on site during first two years of production as outlined in Scottish Government (2016) Talking Fracking. p23.
238. Total cumulative output for shale gas and associated liquids is assumed to be in the late 2040s based on KPMG (2016) Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland p. 25 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
239. SNH, 2003. Trend note – Land Cover Change 1940s – 1980s: Built land. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-09/B1009926%20-%20Trend%20note%20-%20Land%20Cover%20Change%201940s%20%E2%80%93%201980s%20-%20Built%20land.pdf
240. For comparison the Alloa West Business Park allocated in the Clackmannanshire Local Plan (2015) p.117 covers an area of 53.48ha, Sauchie West housing allocation p.122 covers an area of 52.81ha. Available at: http://gis.clacksweb.org.uk/dataset/e0a14ab6-c461-436a-a7e0-ec9ff4c899e9/resource/aaa5ccb2-136a-48e5-b349-848d2ca27abc/download/clackmannanshirelocaldevelopmentplanaugust2015.pdf
241. Based on the assumption that an average well pad is the area of a football pitch (8,000m2) each KPMG scenario is therefore the (number of pads x 8,000), plus the area of 2 CBM pads at 16,000m2.
242. This compares to the allocations in Clackmannanshire Local Development Plan (2015) of approximately 351ha business land and 363ha housing land. These total figures are based on the figures provided in the area statements for Forth, West Ochils and East Ochils
243. Grade 2 is land capable of producing a wide range of crops. Grade 3.1 is land capable of producing consistently high yields of a narrow range of crops and/or moderate yields of a wider range. Short grass leys are common. http://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=5#
244. Forestry Commission Scotland (2009) The Scottish Government’s Rationale for Woodland Expansion. Available at: https://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/ForestExpansion.pdf
245. Transport Scotland Scottish Transport Statistics no 36 2017 Edition. A National Statistics publication for Scotland. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/41863/scottish-transport-statistics-2017-with-correction-to-table-214.pdf
246. See reference to footnote in paragraph 12.2 to the area of land allocated for development in the Clackmannanshire Local Development Plan.
247. Scottish Government (2017) Talking ’Fracking’ A consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
248. Transport Scotland (2016) Development and the Trunk Road Network. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/1414/trbo-development-and-the-trunk-road-network-march-2016.pdf
249. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.102)
250. Historic Environment Scotland, Assessing Impacts on the historic environment.
251. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
252. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
253. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
254. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. P.61 Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102
255. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
256. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Volume 1 Report. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102
257. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
258. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
259. British Geological Society, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf
260. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 39 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
261. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. P. 49 Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
262. Health Protection Scotland (2016) A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland Volume 1 Report available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3102
263. Ibid.
264. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
265. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
266. Ibid.
267. Ibid.
268. https://www.environment.gov.scot/our-environment/air/air-quality-and-health/
269. The Scottish Health Survey 2016 (2016) http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00525366.pdf
270. The Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf
271. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – groundwaters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/
272. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – surface waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/
273. SEPA, 2016. Scottish bathing waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219168/1282_sepa_bathing_waters_2016_web.pdf
274. https://noise.environment.gov.scot/noisemap/
275. Baptie et al., 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf
276. James Hutton Institute, OPENSpace Edinburgh University, University of Glasgow, Heriot-Watt University, Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (2014) Contribution of green and open space to public health and wellbeing. For Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division Scottish Government. Available at: http://www.hutton.ac.uk/sites/default/files/files/projects/GreenHealth-Final-Report.pdf
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278. Transport Scotland Scottish Transport Statistics no 36 2017 Edition. A National Statistics publication for Scotland. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/41863/scottish-transport-statistics-2017-with-correction-to-table-214.pdf
279. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/regions/index.htm
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281. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013
282. The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2017 No.571)
283. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: Understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
284. The Management of Extractive Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010 No.60)
285. The Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015 (2015 No.483)
286. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (2002 No.2677)
287. The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (1999 No.3232)
288. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (1992 No.3004)
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333. SNH, 2017. Lochs, rivers and wetlands. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/lochs-rivers-and-wetlands
334. SNH, 2015. Seabirds and shorebirds. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/plants-and-animals/birds/seabirds-and-shorebirds
335. SNH, 2017. Upland and moorland. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-land/upland-and-moorland
336. SNH, 2017. Blanket bog. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/landscapes-habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/mountains-heaths-and-bogs/blanket-bog
337. Forestry Commission Scotland, 2012. Biodiversity. Available at: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/supporting/strategy-policy-guidance/biodiversity
338. Forestry Commission Scotland, 2014. Native Woodland Survey of Scotland (NWSS) – Ancient Woodland information. Available at: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/supporting/strategy-policy-guidance/native-woodland-survey-of-scotland-nwss/scotlands-native-woodlands
339. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2001. SPA Description – Firth of Forth. Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1979
340. SNH, 2015. Seabirds and shorebirds. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/plants-and-animals/birds/seabirds-and-shorebirds
341. SNH, 2015. A review of literature on the qualifying interest species of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the Firth of Forth and development related influences. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/snh-commissioned-report-804-review-literature-qualifying-interest-species-special-protection-areas
342. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, undated. Habitat account – Raised bogs and mires and fens. Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/habitat.asp?FeatureIntCode=H7120
343. UNESCO, 2012. Galloway and southern Ayrshire. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland/galloway-and-southern-ayrshire-biosphere/
344. SNH, 2017. Habitat Fragmentation. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-land/habitat-networks/habitat-fragmentation
345. SNH, 2017. Water pollution. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-freshwater/water-pollution
346. SNH, 2017. Managing access and recreation. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-access-and-recreation
347. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
348. Biodiversity Scotland, 2017). Habitat Change.
349. SNH, 2017. Farming and crofting. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-land/farming-and-crofting
350. SNH, 2015. Field margins and hedgerows. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/landscapes-habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/farmland-and-croftland/hedgerows-and-field-margins
351. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
352. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf.
353. KPMG, 2016. Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
354. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
355. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
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358. European Commission, 2008. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050
359. Air Quality Standards (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010/204)
360. European Commission, 2001. Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0081
361. The National Emission Ceilings Regulations 2002 (2002/3118)
362. European Commission, 2010. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32010L0075
363. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012/360)
364. Environment Act 1995 (Chapter 25)
365. European Commission, 2000. Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0014
366. European Commission, 2000. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32002L0049
367. The Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for use Outdoors Regulations 2001 (2001/1701)
368. The Environmental Noise (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2006/465)
369. Public Health etc. (Scotland) Act 2008 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2008/asp 5)
370. European Commission, 2006. Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32006L0007
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372. The Bathing Waters (Scotland) Regulations 2008 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2008/170)
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374. The Water Supply (Water Quality) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2001/207)
375. The Water Quality (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010/95)
376. European Commission, 2012. Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0018
377. European Commission, 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006R1907-20140410
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383. National Indicator: Scotland’s Outdoors. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/About/Performance/scotPerforms/indicator/outdoors
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386. Transport Scotland, 2017. Scottish Transport Statistics No 35: 2016 Edition. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/33814/sct01171871341.pdf
387. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland – The Road to a Healthier Future. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf
388. Air Quality in Scotland, 2017. Air Quality Management Areas. Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm/aqma
389. Scottish Government, 2016. SPICe Briefing – Air Quality in Scotland. Available at: http://www.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefingsAndFactsheets/S5/SB_16-35_Air_Quality_in_Scotland.pdf
390. DWQR, 2016. Drinking Water Quality in Scotland 2016 – Public water supply. Available at: http://dwqr.scot/media/34946/drinking-water-quality-in-scotland-in-2016-dwqr-annual-report.pdf
391. SEPA, 2016. Scottish Bathing Waters 2016. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219168/1282_sepa_bathing_waters_2016_web.pdf
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393. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland – The Road to a Healthier Future. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf
394. SEPA, 2017. River Basin Management Planning. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/water/river-basin-management-planning/
395. Scottish Government, 2016. Key Scottish Environment Statistics 2016. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2016/10/7565/334167
396. SEPA, 2016. Scottish Bathing Waters 2016. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/219168/1282_sepa_bathing_waters_2016_web.pdf
397. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
398. British Geological Society, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Understanding and Monitoring Induced Seismic Activity. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509318.pdf
399. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
400. Ibid.
401. Ibid.
402. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
403. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
404. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
405. Health Protection Scotland, 2016. A Health Impact Assessment of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland – Summary. Available at: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=3101
406. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
407. KPMG, 2016. Economic Impact Assessment and Scenario Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509321.pdf
408. European Commission, 2006. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0231
409. Scottish Government, 2009. The Scottish Soil Framework. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0
410. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Chapter 43)
411. The Contaminated Land (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2000/178)
412. SNH, 2015. Scotland’s National Peatland Plan: Working for our future. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/A1697542%20-%20150730%20-%20peatland_plan.pdf
413. Scottish Government, 2016. Draft Peatland and Energy Policy Statement. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/Draft-Peatland-Policy
414. Scottish Government, 2006. Scotland’s Soil Resource – Current State and Threats – Chapter 7: Soil Contamination. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/149337/0039742.pdf
415. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf
416. Scottish Natural Heritage, 2010. Condition of Designated Sites. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/condition-designated-sites
417. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf
418. SNH, 2017. Managing nature for carbon capture. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/climate-change/taking-action/carbon-management/managing-nature-carbon-capture
419. SEPA, 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf
420. Scottish Government, 2006. Scotland’s Soil Resource – Current State and Threats – Chapter 7: Soil Contamination. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/149337/0039742.pdf
421. SEPA, 2017. Guidance on consideration of soil in Strategic Environmental Assessment. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/162986/lups-sea-gu2-consideration-of-soil-in-sea.pdf
422. SEPA, 2017. Guidance on consideration of soil in Strategic Environmental Assessment. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/162986/lups-sea-gu2-consideration-of-soil-in-sea.pdf
423. SEPA, 2011. The State of Scotland’s Soil. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/138741/state-of-soil-report-final.pdf
424. Scottish Government, 2010. Executive Summary: Management of Carbon-Rich Soils – Overview and Discussion Paper. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/921/0109512.pdf
425. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
426. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
427. Committee on Climate Change, 2016. Compatibility with Scottish greenhouse gas emissions targets. Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/scottish-unconventional-oil-and-gas-compatibility-with-scottish-emissions-targets/
428. European Commission, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5c835afb-2ec6-4577-bdf8-756d3d694eeb.0004.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
429. Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2003/asp 3)
430. Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2011/209)
431. The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2012/360)
432. European Commission, 2007. Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32007L0060
433. Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2009/asp 6)
434. SEPA, 2016. Flood Risk Management Strategies. Available at: http://apps.sepa.org.uk/FRMStrategies/
435. Scotland’s Water Environment, 2014. Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf
436. SNH, 2017. Lochs, rivers and wetlands. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/habitats-and-ecosystems/habitat-types/lochs-rivers-and-wetlands
437. Scotland’s Water Environment, 2014. Scotland’s State of the Environment Report, 2014. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf
438. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – groundwaters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/
439. SEPA, 2016. Water Classification Hub – surface waters. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/data-visualisation/water-classification-hub/
440. SEPA, 2017. River Basin Management Planning. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/environment/water/river-basin-management-planning/
441. Scottish Government, 2015. Mapping Flood Disadvantage in Scotland 2015. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00490788.pdf
442. Scottish Government, 2015. Mapping Flood Disadvantage in Scotland 2015. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0049/00490788.pdf
443. SEPA, 2015. Strategic Environmental Assessment: Flood Risk Strategies, Environmental Report – consultation. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163415/sea_environmental_report.pdf
444. DPMAG (undated). Rural diffuse pollution plan for Scotland. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/37557/rural-diffuse-pollution-plan-scotland.pdf
445. Scotland’s Environment, 2014.
446. CREW, 2012. Coastal Flooding in Scotland – A guidance document for coastal practitioners. Available at: http://www.crew.ac.uk/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publication/Coastal%20Flooding_300812_Final.pdf
447. SNH, 2011. Trend Note – Climate change and rivers. Available at: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/B1043758%20-%20Natural%20Heritage%20Trends%20-%20Climate%20change%20and%20rivers%20-%20PDF.pdf
448. SEPA, 2015. Strategic Environmental Assessment: Flood Risk Strategies, Environmental Report – consultation. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163415/sea_environmental_report.pdf
449. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
450. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
451. Scotland, 2017. ‘Talking Fracking’ – A Consultation on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513575.pdf
452. Ibid.
453. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
454. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
455. European Commission, 2008. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:152:0001:0044:en:PDF
456. European Commission, 2016. Directive 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.344.01.0001.01.ENG
457. European Commission, 2001. Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0081
458. The National Emission Ceilings Regulations 2002 (2002/3118)
459. CIEEM, 2015. UK Environmental Legislation and UK Implementation. Available at: https://www.cieem.net/data/files/Resource_Library/Policy/Policy_work/CIEEM_EU_Directive_Summaries.pdf
460. The Air Quality Standards (Scotland) Regulations 2010 (Scottish Statutory Instrument 2010/204)
461. European Commission, 2004. Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1486475021303&uri=CELEX:02004L0107-20150918
462. Environment Act 1995 (Chapter 25)
463. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c.43)
464. Clean Air Act 1993 (c.11)
465. Scottish Government, 2005. Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 – Local Air Quality Management Revised Policy Guidance. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/02/16265/17537
466. Transport Scotland, 2016. National Transport Strategy. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/10310/transport-scotland-national-transport-strategy-january-2016-final-online.pdf
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468. Transport Scotland, 2017. Scottish Transport Statistics No 35: 2016 Edition. Available at: https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/33814/sct01171871341.pdf
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470. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. June 2014 State of the Environment Report. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf
471. Air Quality in Scotland, 2017. Air Quality Management Areas. Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm/aqma
472. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland – The Road to a Healthier Future. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf
473. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. June 2014 State of the Environment Report. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf
474. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. Get Informed – Air – Air Quality. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/get-informed/air/air-quality/
475. Scottish Government, 2015. Cleaner Air for Scotland. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00488493.pdf
476. Scottish Government, 2017. National Indicator: Traffic Congestion – Reduce traffic congestion. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/our-environment/air/air-quality/
477. Scottish Government, 2017. Scotland’s Draft Climate Change Bill – Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Report. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/seag/seagDocs/SEA-01269/19390.pdf
478. Scotland’s Environment, 2014. June 2014 State of the Environment Report. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1170/state-of-environment-report-2014.pdf
479. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
480. Ibid.
481. Ricardo Energy & Environment, 2016. Unconventional oil and gas development: understanding and mitigating community impacts from transportation. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509327.pdf
482. Scottish Government, 2014. Independent Expert Scientific Panel – Report on Unconventional Oil and Gas. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0045/00456579.pdf
483. Aecom, 2016. Unconventional Oil and Gas Development in Scotland: Decommissioning, Site Restoration and Aftercare – Obligations and Treatment of Financial Liabilities. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00509373.pdf
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