Supporting the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the UK's marine sectors
This research considers barriers to sustainable marine economy growth in Scotland and the rest of the UK with particular regard to cross sectoral barriers and market failures.
Footnotes
1 Assessment for Scotland based on Scottish salmon export data only
2 Islands include Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man. Other typically includes new vessels, or vessels switching port of administration.
3 Employment refers only to full-time and part-time staff, i.e. excluding contractors
4 ONS, 2018
5 MMO (2018) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2017
6 Ibid., Chapter 3
7 Ibid.
8 MMO (2018) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2017
9 Ibid., Chapter 4
10 Ibid., Chapter 6
11 ONS, 2018
12 MMO (2018) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2017, Chapter 2
13 Statistics Iceland, 2019
14 Assessment for Scotland based on Scottish salmon export data only
15 ONS, 2018
16 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-marine-economic-statistics/pages/7/
17 ONS, 2019
18 ONS, 2018
19 MMO UK Sea Fisheries (2017)
20 Micro businesses employ nine people or fewer, small businesses employ up to 49 people; medium-sized enterprises employ 50-249 people; large enterprises employ greater than 250 people.
21 UK Business Counts (2018)
22 Ibid.
23 No consistent data for Northern Ireland
24 BRES (2018) and NISRA (2018)
25 ONS (2018) Annual Business Survey
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Imani Development, Westbrook Associates for HIE and Marine Scotland (2017) The Value of Aquaculture
To Scotland
29 Food and Drink Scotland (2017) Aquaculture Growth to 2030: A strategic plan for farming Scotland’s seas
30 EY (2019) The Norwegian Aquaculture Analysis 2018
31 Ibid., p.22
32 EY (2018) The Norwegian Aquaculture Analysis 2017
33 Eurofish International Organisation (2019) at: https://www.eurofish.dk/norway
34 Directorate of Fisheries, Norway (2019) Statistics for Aquaculture, at: https://www.fiskeridir.no/English/Aquaculture/ Statistics/Total
35 EY (2019) The Norwegian Aquaculture Analysis 2018
36 Marine Scotland: Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics (2018)
37 https://www.seafish.org/article/uk-seafood-industry-overview
38 http://scottishsalmon.co.uk/salmon-exports-reach-record-600m/
39 UK Business Counts, 2018
40 Business Register and Employment Survey, 2018
41 https://www.seafish.org/media/2018_seafood_processing_sector_labour_report.pdf
42 Office of National Statistics, 2018
43 Seafish, 2018
44 https://www.seafish.org/media/Publications/Corporate_Plan_18-21_V2.pdf
45 https://seafish.org/media/Seafood%202040%20strategic%20framework.pdf
46 https://www.seafish.org/article/uk-seafood-industry-overview
48 https://www.seafish.org/media/1659099/wales_seafood_strategy.pdf
49 Statistics Iceland, 2019
50 Norwegian Seafood Council, 2018
51 Norwegian Seafood Council, 2019
52 Cefas (2016) Seaweed in the UK and abroad – status, products, limitations, gaps and Cefas role
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 For example, through their proposals, Marine Biopolymer consider that the sector in Scotland could be worth as much as £300 million: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-46252427
56 HIE (2018) Wild Seaweed Harvesting as a diversification opportunity for fishermen
57 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00107/full
58 Adapt/Innovate UK, NERC (2013)
59 Cefas (2016) Seaweed in the UK and abroad – status, products, limitations, gaps and Cefas role
60 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00107/full
61 Though companies such as TARI and Ocean Rainforest are expanding their seaweed cultivation and harvesting operations, there is limited statistical information about the Faroese seaweed sector as a whole.
62 Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, 2019
63 The economic contribution of the UK marine industry - Cebr (September 2017)
64 ONS analysis from the Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey provides a 2017 turnover estimate for the offshore wind sector but not the wave and tidal sectors, due to their relatively small contributions to the low carbon energy sector as a whole.
65 Cebr (2017) The economic contribution of the UK marine industry
66 Renewables UK (Feb 2017), Ocean Energy Race: The UK’s Inside Track
67 Regensw; Marine Energy Pembrokeshire; HIE (June 2016), Marine Energy - Key Steps to Maintain a Great British Success Story
68 Ibid.
69 Source: Cambridge Econometrics (June 2017) Future UK Employment in the Offshore Wind Industry
70 https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/business/business-news/north-east-play-leading-role-15939570
71 https://orsted.co.uk/en/Generating-energy/Offshore-wind/Our-wind-farms
73 https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Statistik/energyindenmark2017.pdf
74 https://windeurope.org/about-wind/statistics/offshore/
75 Petajoule = 1015 joules
76 Gigawatt hour = 1bn watt hours
77 Primary renewable energy is energy that is harvested directly from natural resources, including energy from wind, tides, coal and oil.
78 Renewable energy in this instance accounts for wind, wood, waste/renewable, straw, biogas, and heat pumps
79 Oil and Gas UK Business Outlook, 2018 – see https://cld.bz/c41vNPt/6/
80 UK Business Counts, 2018
81 Oil & Gas UK, Decommissioning Insight, 2019
82 Wood Mackenzie, US$32bn of decommissioning worldwide over the next five years: is the industry ready?,2017
84 Rouse, S., Hayes, P and Wilding, T.A. (2018) “Commercial fisheries loses arising from interactions with offshore pipelines and other oil and gas infrastructure and activities”, ICES Journal of Marine Science
85 https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/developments-and-operations/cessation-and-decommissioning/
87 Using an average exchange rate from between 2010 and 2015
88 Using an average exchange rate from between 2016 and 2018
89 Decommissioning Insight Report, Oil and Gas UK (2018) https://oilandgasuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OGUK-Decommissioning-Insight-Report-2018.pdf
90 Big Lottery Fund (Nov 2016), Coastal Communities Fund Annual Progress Report 2016
91 Beatty, Fothergill and Gore (July 2014), The Seaside Tourist Industry in England and Wales Employment, economic output, location and trends
92 Scottish Government (Oct 2018), Scotland’s Marine Economic Statistics
94 Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, Annual Tourism Statistics Publications
95 For example, see: UKCES (2012) Sector Skills Insights: Tourism; Marine Tourism Development Group (2017) Marine Tourism Skills Pathway Plan: Discussion Paper
96 https://www.sailscotland.co.uk/news/posts/2017/sailing-tourism-to-grow-by-37m/
97 https://www.hie.co.uk/our-region/our-growth-sectors/tourism/marine-tourism/
98 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903042857
99 QYResearch Group (2019) Global Marine Tourism Market Size, Status and Forecast 2019-2025
101 https://www.ibinews.com/market-intelligence/market-overview-europe/33030.article
102 https://www.yachtingmonthly.com/news/future-uk-sailing-68018
103 UN World Tourism Organisation, 2017
104 https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/311951/0098489.pdf
105 ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) MAXiMAR: Maximising the Marine Economy in the Highlands and Islands
106 https://www.politico.eu/article/fishermen-offshore-wind-farms-struggle-to-share-sea/
107 For example, see: https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2019/mussels-stressed-out-by-underwater-noise.htm
108 e.g. ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) Skills Review for the Aquaculture sector; ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) MAXiMAR: Maximising the Marine Economy in the Highlands and Islands; Marine Scotland Science (2014) An Assessment of the Conditions Affecting Entry into the Scottish Fishing Industry and Potential Policy Responses
109 Ibid.
110 e.g. Ipsos MORI and Indigo Housing for HIE (2017) Stimulating Housing Development in the Highlands and Islands, at: https://www.hie.co.uk/media/3033/stimulatingplushousingplusdevelopmentplus-plusreport.pdf
111 https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17845218.new-homes-ensure-salmon-farms-catch-keep-staff/
113 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-sea-fisheries-employment-2015/pages/4/
114 Seafish (2019) 2018 Employment in the UK Fishing Fleet
115 Seafish (2017) Seafish Economic Analysis: UK seafood processing sector labour 2017
116 See for example: IPCC (2014) Fifth Assessment Report, at: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar5/; also Cheng, L. et al. (2020) Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 37, pp.137-142
117 Committee on Climate Change (2020) How a changing climate affects us, at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/the-science-of-climate-change/how-a-changing-climate-affects-us/; Met Office (2019) UK Climate Projections 2018, at: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/index
118 https://www.hie.co.uk/latest-news/2019/february/14/funding-boost-for-stornoway-port-developments/
119 https://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/192487/royal-caribbean-chooses-southampton-as-its-uk-home/
120 https://www.cruiseandferry.net/articles/brittany-ferries-extends-partnership-with-portsmouth
123 https://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/news/help-develop-east-anglias-fishing-strategy/
124 https://www.poole.gov.uk/streets-and-travel/transport-policy/dorset-growth-deal/
125 https://www.cumbria.gov.uk/business/ecodev/growthdeal.asp
126 https://www.deliveringforscotland.gov.uk/ayrshire-growth-deal/
127 For example, Scottish salmon currently takes as little as three days from farm to end consumer in international export markets: https://www.scotsman.com/business/how-scottish-salmon-exports-its-way-around-the-world-and-maintains-its-reputation-1-4950692
128 MMO (2018) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2017
129 For example, see: Seafarers UK (2018) Fishing for a Future: An Analysis of Need, Challenges and Opportunities in UK Fishing Communities. Evidence from Marine Scotland, Seafish and MMO also indicates that the age profile of the workforce is older than many parts of the wider economy, and that it is ageing
130 https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17859495.immigrations-rules-putting-scots-fishing-industry-risk/
131 See: Seafish (2019) 2018 Employment in the UK Fishing Fleet report; and Marine Scotland, (2015) Scottish Sea Fisheries Employment 2015 https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-sea-fisheries-employment-2015/pages/5/
132 e.g. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17859495.immigrations-rules-putting-scots-fishing-industry-risk/
133 https://ukandeu.ac.uk/governments-fisheries-white-paper-what-it-does-and-doesnt-say/
134 MMO (2018) UK Sea Fisheries Statistics, 2017
136 https://www.masts.ac.uk/research/emff-sifids-project/
137 ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) Skills Review for the Aquaculture sector
138 Ibid.
140 Imani Development, SRSL/HIE, SAIC (2017) Scottish aquaculture: a view towards 2030
141 https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/CurrentCommittees/107588.aspx
142 This views appears to be supported by recent media reports on the matter, e.g.: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/07/farmer-produces-ethical-king-prawns-in-a-lincolnshire-field
143 The level of acceptance or approval by local communities and stakeholders of businesses and their operations
146 http://scottishsalmon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/community_charter_2016_digital.pdf
147 e.g. Boyd Food Machinery in Buckie: http://www.boydfoodmachinery.com/
148 For example, see: http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2018/the-future-of-work/article.2018-05-14.2432920898
149 Social licence, or social licence to operate, is the ongoing acceptance of a company or industry's standard business practices and operating procedures by its employees, stakeholders, and the general public.
150 For example, Marine Biopolymer Ltd., based in Ayrshire
151 ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) MAXiMAR: Maximising the Marine Economy in the Highlands and Islands
152 https://www.swansea.ac.uk/bioscience/research-and-impact/algal/
153 http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/featurednews/title_714511_en.html
154 https://www.qub.ac.uk/research-centres/QueensUniversityMarineLaboratory/research/SeaweedResearch/
155 Campbell, I. et al. (2019) the environmental risks associated with the development of seaweed farming in Europe – prioritising key knowledge gaps, Frontiers in Marine Science, Volume 6 Article 107, pp.1-22
156 https://www2.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/seaweedrev
157 https://www.scotlink.org/files/documents/SE_LINK_Response_Marine-Biopolymers-Scoping-Report_2018.pdf
158 UKCES (2015) Reviewing the requirement for high level STEM skills
159 RenewableUK (2017) Ocean Energy Race: The UK’s Inside Track
160 https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/business/files/sia-report-offshore-energy.pdf
162 e.g. Gray, A. et al. (2017) Reliability and O&M sensitivity analysis as a consequence of site specific characteristics for wave energy converters, Ocean Engineering, 141, pp.493-511; at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.06.043
164 https://www.seafish.org/media/Publications/10517_Seafish_aquaculture_windfarms.pdf
165 https://www.westofmorecambe.com/co-existence/
166 Neill, S.P. et al. (2017) The wave and tidal resource of Scotland, Renewable Energy, 144(A), pp.3-17; at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027
168 e.g. previous ORE Catapult estimates
169 ekosgen, Imani Development for HIE (2018) MAXiMAR: Maximising the Marine Economy in the Highlands and Islands
170 For example, see: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608930/first-evidence-that-offshore-wind-farms-are-changing-the-oceans/
171 HIE/SE (2016) Oil & Gas Decommissioning Action Plan
172 Oil & Gas UK (2018) Decommissioning Insight 2018
174 https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/our-work/our-projects/living-seas/decommissioning/
175 HIE/SE (2016) Oil & Gas Decommissioning Action Plan
176 http://news.hie.co.uk/all-news/scottish-energy-ports-capability-directory-is-launched/
177 For example, see: UKCES (2012) Sector Skills Insights: Tourism; Cebr (2014) Understanding the travel and tourism labour market: A report for ABTA
178 ekosgen for HIE (2018) Young people in the Highlands and Islands: Maximising Opportunities; see also ekosgen for HIE (2015) Young People in the Highlands and Islands: Attitudes and Aspirations
179 ekosgen/Reference Economics for HIE (2017) Orkney Volume Tourism Management Study
180 ekosgen for HIE (2019) Review of support to tourism destinations
181 Great Britain Tourism Survey and International Passenger Survey data
182 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/european-maritime-and-fisheries-fund-emff-before-you-apply
183 https://ec.europa.eu/easme/en/life
185 https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/
187 http://bluefishproject.com/
188 https://www.interreg2seas.eu/en/sustainable-and-resilient-coastal-cities
189 https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/coastal-communities
190 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldseaside/320/32009.htm
193 https://www.noc.ac.uk/about-us
194 https://www.gov.scot/publications/saltire-tidal-energy-challenge-fund/pages/eligibility-criteria/
195 https://www.scottishaquaculture.com/apply-for-funding/
196 Stirling and Clackmannanshire City Region Deal, Heads of Terms Agreement (2018)
197 Argyll Rural Growth Deal (2018)
198 https://www.southeastlep.com/project/dover-western-dock-revival/
199 https://www.gov.uk/business-finance-support/horizon-2020-business-grants-uk
200 https://www.clientearth.org/eu-fund-proposal-would-artificially-keep-unsustainable-fisheries-afloat/
201 http://archive.interreg4a-2mers.eu/approved_project_161222456.pdf?id=16122
202 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldseaside/320/32009.htm
203 Co-operation between competing companies to secure a market advantage for both individual businesses and sectors within a particular region or country, without engaging in anti-competition practices or behaviour.
Contact
Email: Amy.McQueen@gov.scot
There is a problem
Thanks for your feedback