Suspected Drug Deaths in Scotland: April to June 2024

Suspected drug deaths in Scotland: Methodology Annex

a. Sources of drug deaths information in Scotland

Classifying a death as drug-related is complex. There are a number of different definitions of drug death, and two different sets of statistics on the number of drug deaths used in Scotland.

i. Accredited official statistics published annually by National Records of Scotland (NRS)

These are the official figures on the number of drug misuse deaths registered in Scotland each year. Drug misuse deaths are identified using data from death registration records supplemented with information from the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service and forensic pathologists. It covers all deaths with an underlying cause of drug poisoning or drug abuse, but only where any of the substances involved are controlled in the UK. This means that deaths from only e.g. paracetamol or antidepressants are excluded.

Source: National Records of Scotland

NRS's Accredited official statistics publication Drug-related deaths in Scotland uses this definition, with the most recent release (August 2024) reporting 1,172 drug misuse deaths for 2023. This was an increase of 121 deaths (12%) compared with 2022 (Figure 1).

ii. Police Scotland quarterly suspected drug deaths

This data is sourced from management information from Police Scotland who compile figures on the basis of reports from police officers attending scenes of death. Classification as a suspected drug death is based on an officer's observations and initial enquiries at the scene of death. Police Scotland record information based on the Ministerial Drugs Task Force definition of a drug-related death, given in their 1994 report.

Police Scotland monitor suspected drug deaths to inform prevention and enforcement activity. In order to provide a consistent count over time, all deaths originally classified as a 'suspected drug death' are included here, irrespective of their eventual final categorisation of cause of death.

Police Scotland record a suspected drug death against the date on which the death was declared by a qualified medical expert. To give consistent time periods for comparison purposes, an adjustment of ten days (the median delay between the date of death and date of registration over the last five years) has been made when calculating the number of suspected drug deaths in a calendar year quarter. National Records of Scotland statistics use the date of registration of death.

Police Scotland consider the relevant circumstances which relate to all sudden and unexplained deaths. This informs Police Scotland's subsequent investigation and the official recording of the death as a suspected drug death. Police Scotland records the location of a suspected drug death using the division of where the death occurred, unless the person has been conveyed to a hospital in another division, in which case the death would be recorded as the location where they were found. Each of these locations will be in one of Police Scotland's thirteen territorial divisional boundaries.

Data validation is conducted by Police Scotland divisional drug death data controllers who confirm and cross-reference detail from the Police Scotland death report with subsequent pathology and toxicology reports.

b. Use of Management Information from Police Scotland

The Police Scotland data presented here is Management Information (MI) and should not be considered as official Police Scotland statistics. MI is information that is based on administrative data used for operational purposes. It is used in the normal course of business to inform operational activity, prevention and enforcement activity. Whilst any data used goes through a process of quality assurance, MI is not always subject to the same level of validation and checking as Official Statistics.

However, if used appropriately and with an awareness of the associated caveats, MI can still provide, in some instances, useful insight and intelligence to help inform the public and aid decision making and the development of policy and interventions.

For this publication, the Scottish Government and Police Scotland have agreed that, subject to the caveats on MI described above, it is appropriate to publish the Police Scotland MI data on suspected drug deaths as part of improving the data and information available on current trends in drug deaths in Scotland.

c. Relationship between Police Scotland suspected drug deaths and NRS drug misuse deaths

Police Scotland suspected drug deaths correlate very closely with the NRS drug misuse death statistics. Figure 3 shows that since the period ending in December 2018, the rolling 12-month Police Scotland figures have ranged from 3% below to 6% above the NRS drug misuse death figures.

Note: Q1 is January to March, Q2 is April to June, Q3 is July to September, Q4 is October to December. Source: National Records of Scotland and Police Scotland.

Table 1 below shows how these measures have compared on a calendar-year basis between 2018 and 2023.

Source: National Records of Scotland and Police Scotland

d. Other drug death data and resources

• Drug misuse deaths in Scotland in 2023 (National Records of Scotland)
• Rapid Action Drug Alerts and Response (RADAR) quarterly report (Public Health Scotland)
• ScotPHO drugs pages (Scottish Public Health Observatory)
• Homeless deaths (National Records of Scotland)
• UK drug situation: Focal Point annual report