Primary to secondary school transitions: analysis

Appendix B: Supporting tables

Table 9-1 Sweep 8 child univariate descriptive statistics

Variable	Percentage	N
Picked on by being called names or made fun of		3086
Most days	11.0
About once a week	9.8
About once a month	7.1
Every few months	19.4
Never	52.6
Picked on by being left out of games		3085
Most days	9.5
About once a week	8.6
About once a month	7.1
Every few months	17.3
Never	57.5
Picked on by being hit, pushed or shoved		3084
Most days	6.2
About once a week	5.7
About once a month	5.2
Every few months	13.7
Never	69.2
My teacher treats me fairly		3088
Never	1.7
Sometimes	7.7
Often	14.2
Always	76.4
I look forward to going to school		3088
Never	6.5
Sometimes	35.6
Often	32.7
Always	25.2
I hate school		3087
Never	51.7
Sometimes	38.8
Often	5.9
Always	3.6
Skipped school		3088
Yes	5.0
No	95.0
How often tries best at school		3088
All of the time	62.3
Most of the time	30.8
Some of the time	4.0
Never	2.8
How much likes reading		3088
A lot	50.6
A bit	40.9
Not at all	8.5
How much likes doing number work		3088
A lot	47.1
A bit	42.6
Not at all	10.3

Source: GUS sweep 8, all children who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-2 Sweep 9 univariate child descriptive statistics

Variable	Percentage	N
How many of your friends from primary school are you still friendly with?		3177
None	4.9
A few	31.7
Most	42.4
All	21.0
How easy or hard to make new friends at secondary school		3171
Very easy	36.5
Quite easy	48.5
Quite hard	11.9
Very hard	3.1
Picked on by being called names or made fun of		3281
Most days	9.7
About once a week	10.3
About once a month	7.0
Every few months	16.1
Never	56.9
Picked on by being left out of games		3281
Most days	5.2
About once a week	5.3
About once a month	4.6
Every few months	11.9
Never	73.1
Picked on by being hit, pushed or shoved		3281
Most days	3.5
About once a week	4.0
About once a month	3.6
Every few months	8.8
Never	80.2
How many friends from primary school are attending the same secondary school as you?		3177
None	6.1
A few	10.8
Most	39.8
All	43.3
My teacher treats me fairly		3282
Never	1.7
Sometimes	17.0
Often	37.1
Always	44.2
How would you describe the work in your maths class?		3176
The work is too easy for me	12.0
The work is too hard for me	10.2
The work is just right - not too hard or too easy	77.8
How would you describe the work in your English class?		3178
The work is too easy for me	13.8
The work is too hard for me	7.0
The work is just right - not too hard or too easy	79.1
How many hours do you usually spend doing homework in an average week?		3281
None	5.3
Less than an hour	37.6
1 hour to less than 3 hours	44.1
3 hours to less than 5 hours	10.1
5 hours to less than 10 hours	2.3
10 or more hours	0.4
How pressured do you feel by the schoolwork you have to do?		3176
Not at all	30.8
A little	54.8
Quite a lot	11.2
A lot	3.2
I look forward to going to school		3283
Never	10.8
Sometimes	35.1
Often	38.5
Always	15.5
I hate school		3283
Never	32.2
Sometimes	53.0
Often	10.1
Always	4.7
Skipped school since starting S1		3177
Yes	6.3
No	93.7
How often tries best at school		3282
Never	0.5
Sometimes	7.0
Often	35.8
Always	56.7
How much do you like English?		3283
A lot	39.0
A little	49.2
Not at all	11.8
How much do you like maths?		3283
A lot	35.8
A little	43.6
Not at all	20.6

Source: GUS sweep 9, all children who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-3 Sweep 8 parent univariate descriptive statistics

Variable	Percentage	N
Parent contacted by child's school		3142
Because of behaviour of other pupils towards child	6.4
Because of their behaviour at school	7.4
Because of their attendance at school	0.9
Because of their attitude towards school	3.1
None of these reasons	86.9

Source: GUS sweep 8, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-4 Sweep 9 parent univariate descriptive statistics

Variable	Percentage	N
Child has made new friends		3293
Strongly agree	46.5
Agree	48.1
Neither agree nor disagree	3.2
Disagree	1.8
Strongly disagree	0.4
Child misses old friends from primary school		3291
Strongly agree	2.9
Agree	13.0
Neither agree nor disagree	12.4
Disagree	46.3
Strongly disagree	25.4
Child is anxious about making new friends		3294
Strongly agree	4.3
Agree	15.1
Neither agree nor disagree	12.1
Disagree	42.2
Strongly disagree	26.3
Child is coping well with schoolwork		3294
Strongly agree	42.2
Agree	47.6
Neither agree nor disagree	5.9
Disagree	3.2
Strongly disagree	1.1
Child gets too much homework		3289
Strongly agree	1.2
Agree	5.6
Neither agree nor disagree	20.6
Disagree	56.9
Strongly disagree	15.6
Parent contacted by child's school		3295
Because of behaviour of other pupils towards child	11.1
Because of their behaviour at school	10.4
Because of their attendance at school	6.1
Because of their attitude towards school	5.3
None of these reasons	77.0

Source: GUS sweep 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-5 Child transition experience by selected sociodemographic, parental and school-related characteristics

	Transition experience
Covariate	Positive	Moderate	Negative	N
ALL	36.1	42.3	21.6	2,357
Gender
Male	31.6	43.5	24.9	1183
Female	40.7	41.0	18.3	1175
Ethnicity
White	35.9	42.5	21.6	2272
Other ethnic background	42.1	35.9	22.0	84
Religion
No Religion	34.5	42.1	23.4	1355
Christian - Protestant or other non-Catholic	40.9	42.4	16.7	584
Roman Catholic	34.6	44.8	20.7	347
Other non-Christian	42.2	33.5	24.3	71
Single parent status
Single Parent	31.1	40.9	28.0	412
Couple Family	37.6	42.7	19.7	1946
Presence of older sibling in household
No older siblings	39.0	42.2	18.8	1208
Has older siblings	33.7	42.2	24.0	1057
Household equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	25.9	43.9	30.2	335
Quintile 2	36.0	42.6	21.3	382
Quintile 3	35.5	43.9	20.5	510
Quintile 4	41.9	42.2	15.9	478
Top Quintile	44.4	40.9	14.7	497
Parent highest education level
No qualification	29.9	25.9	44.2	66
Other	*	*	*	*
Lower level Standard Grades and Vocational qualifications	34.9	35.0	30.0	57
Upper level Standard Grades and Intermediate Vocational qualifications	26.2	48.9	25.0	323
Higher grades and Upper level vocational qualifications	34.6	42.6	22.8	728
Degree level academic and vocational qualifications	42.4	42.2	15.5	1174
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	28.8	43.4	27.8	278
Quintile 4	31.8	42.6	25.6	379
Quintile 3	37.0	42.1	21.0	463
Quintile 2	37.9	43.0	19.2	623
Quintile 1 – least deprived	44.7	40.4	14.9	615
Home address locality
Not rural	35.9	42.1	22.0	1711
Rural	36.8	42.9	20.3	647
Secondary school provided general school information
Never	27.2	37.3	35.5	288
Occasionally	37.9	43.3	18.8	892
Often	35.3	45.7	19.1	826
Very often	42.9	36.5	20.7	351
(Can't remember)	*	*	*	*
Secondary school asked for parent views on school
Never	32.2	42.6	25.2	1106
Occasionally	39.8	42.5	17.7	1010
Often	38.5	41.6	19.8	205
Very often	55.8	30.3	13.9	35
(Can't remember)	*	*	*	*
Satisfaction with support from primary school
Very satisfied	38.7	42.1	19.2	1590
Fairly satisfied	32.1	43.6	24.4	613
Fairly unsatisfied	25.1	46.1	28.8	105
Very unsatisfied	31.9	26.8	41.3	48
Satisfaction with support from secondary school
Very satisfied	39.8	43.1	17.1	1610
Fairly satisfied	29.4	42.4	28.2	641
Fairly unsatisfied	21.8	34.1	44.1	77
Very unsatisfied	40.9	24.3	34.8	27
Primary to secondary school size transition
Small - small	28.2	50.9	20.9	201
Small - average	39.5	40.5	20.0	259
Small - large	37.4	31.0	31.6	74
Average - small	39.0	38.0	23.0	249
Average - average	34.1	42.4	23.5	514
Average - large	34.9	44.6	20.4	279
Large - small	31.3	47.1	21.5	67
Large - average	39.3	41.2	19.5	273
Large - large	40.0	38.9	21.1	200
Primary school locality
Rural	35.4	43.7	21.0	752
Urban	36.6	41.3	22.1	1404
Secondary school locality
Rural	36.5	44.5	19.0	640
Urban	36.0	41.0	23.0	1476
Transition in rurality of school location from P6 to S1
Rural to rural	36.4	44.1	19.5	537
Rural to urban	33.3	42.2	24.5	205
Urban to rural	37.6	46.8	15.6	102
Urban to urban	36.3	40.9	22.8	1269
My teacher treats me fairly (S1)
Never	12.3	28.0	59.7	36
Sometimes	16.1	39.6	44.3	361
Often	32.3	47.3	20.4	901
Always	47.8	39.8	12.4	1059
Whether the child had been looking forward to secondary school (S1)
A lot	44.4	40.9	14.7	841
Quite a lot	36.5	42.5	21.1	1055
Not very much	23.6	44.1	32.3	374
Not at all	13.8	44.3	41.9	87
Whether going to secondary school of choice
Yes	37.2	42.1	20.7	2253
No	14.9	44.5	40.7	102
Child coping well with school work (parent report)
Strongly agree	44.6	41.9	13.5	1035
Agree	33.4	43.9	22.7	1126
Neither agree nor disagree	20.5	41.0	38.5	113
Disagree	11.7	36.3	51.9	69
Strongly disagree	*	*	*	*
How pressured child feels by secondary school work
Not at all	49.0	37.0	14.0	732
A little	33.6	45.2	21.2	1287
Quite a lot	20.6	47.2	32.2	269
A lot	16.6	25.0	58.3	69
Quality of parent-child relationship at P6
Poor	29.1	37.5	33.4	206
Good	37.6	41.8	20.7	1308
Excellent	35.5	44.7	19.9	842
Quality of parent-child relationship at S1
Poor	18.3	42.3	39.4	296
Good	33.6	44.9	21.4	1019
Excellent	44.4	39.5	16.0	1041
Quality of child friendships (S1)
Poor	25.6	37.5	36.9	201
Good	32.7	44.9	22.3	1389
Excellent	44.9	39.1	15.9	767
How easy to make new friends (S1)
Very easy	39.3	38.7	22.0	879
Quite easy	37.1	44.7	18.1	1144
Quite hard	26.9	40.8	32.3	263
Very hard	21.6	50.3	28.1	68
Number of primary school friends attending same secondary
None	35.4	39.5	25.0	135
A few	34.0	39.8	26.1	227
Most	32.4	45.1	22.5	913
All	40.1	40.7	19.3	1082
Child participates in groups/clubs (S1)
No	30.2	36.7	33.1	207
Yes	36.9	43.0	20.0	2151
Child has any additional support need(s) at P6 (new and pre-existing)
No	37.9	42.2	19.9	2064
Yes	25.2	42.4	32.4	293
Child has any additional support need(s) at S1 (new and pre-existing)
No	38.3	42.5	19.2	2049
Yes	24.6	40.7	34.6	307
Child has any additional support need(s) at P6 and/or S1 (new and pre-existing)
No	38.5	42.2	19.2	1958
Yes	25.9	42.4	31.7	400

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9 where child responded at both sweeps. Figures indicate weighted percentages. * No estimate(s) provided due to low base size.

Table 9-6 Change in child cognitive ability score by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

Covariate	Covariate category	Mean change in cognitive score
Transition	Positive †	5.4 [4.5,6.2]
	Moderate	3.9 [3.1,4.8]*
	Negative	3.6 [2.2,5.1]*
Gender	Male †	4.8 [3.9,5.6]
	Female	4.1 [3.3,4.8]
Equivalised income	Bottom Quintile (<=£12,782.53) †	4.3 [2.8,5.8]
	2nd Quintile (>£12,782.53 <=£19,934.31)	4.2 [2.9,5.6]
	3rd Quintile (>£19,934.31<=£29,285.36)	4.4 [3.3,5.5]
	4th Quintile (>£29,285.36<=£37,856.79)	4.2 [3.1,5.2]
	Top Quintile (>£37,856.79)	4.9 [4.0,5.9]
Parent education	No qualification †	6.3 [2.3,10.3]
	Other	10.4 [5.7,15.1]
	Lower level Standard Grades and Vocational qualifications	5.1 [1.2,9.0]
	Upper level Standard Grades and Intermediate Vocational qualifications	4.3 [2.7,5.9]
	Higher grades and Upper level vocational qualifications	3.6 [2.6,4.6]
	Degree level academic and vocational qualifications	4.7 [4.1,5.4]
Area deprivation	Quintile 5 – most deprived †	5.0 [3.4,6.6]
	Quintile 4	4.6 [3.2,6.0]
	Quintile 3	4.2 [3.0,5.5]
	Quintile 2	4.4 [3.3,5.5]
	Quintile 1 – least deprived	4.0 [3.1,4.9]
Rurality	Not rural †	4.4 [3.8,5.0]
	Rural	4.4 [3.4,5.5]
SDQ	Normal †	4.4 [3.8,5.0]
	Borderline	3.6 [1.4,5.8]
	Abnormal	5.1 [2.8,7.3]

Note. Figures outside parentheses indicate mean change scores, figures inside parenthesis indicate confidence intervals. Source: GUS sweeps 1, 8 and 9, all children/parents who responded where child responded at both sweep 8 and 9. *p<0.05; † reference category.

Table 9-7 Linear regression model of changes in cognitive ability between P6 and S1 by socioeconomic, demographic and socioemotional factors.

Transition
Moderate	-1.41*	-1.48*	-1.49*	-1.41*	-1.45*	-1.45*	-1.48*
	[-2.55,-0.27]	[-2.63,-0.34]	[-2.63,-0.35]	[-2.54,-0.27]	[-2.58,-0.31]	[-2.58,-0.31]	[-2.63,-0.34]
Negative	-1.74*	-1.87*	-1.87*	-1.88*	-1.93*	-1.94*	-2.07*
	[-3.41,-0.07]	[-3.54,-0.20]	[-3.56,-0.18]	[-3.54,-0.21]	[-3.59,-0.27]	[-3.60,-0.28]	[-3.72,-0.42]
Gender
Female		-0.87	-0.89	-0.91	-0.94	-0.94	-0.89
		[-1.96,0.22]	[-1.99,0.20]	[-2.01,0.18]	[-2.03,0.15]	[-2.03,0.16]	[-1.98,0.21]
Equivalised income
Quintile 2			-0.3	-0.03	0.07	0.07	0.08
			[-2.32,1.72]	[-2.12,2.06]	[-2.01,2.15]	[-2.01,2.15]	[-2.00,2.17]
Quintile 3			-0.17	0.16	0.34	0.35	0.39
			[-2.04,1.71]	[-1.80,2.12]	[-1.63,2.31]	[-1.62,2.32]	[-1.59,2.37]
Quintile 4			-0.47	-0.22	0.13	0.13	0.2
			[-2.31,1.37]	[-2.26,1.81]	[-1.94,2.20]	[-1.94,2.20]	[-1.89,2.28]
Top income quintile			0.29	0.52	0.94	0.95	1.02
			[-1.48,2.06]	[-1.42,2.45]	[-1.06,2.93]	[-1.05,2.96]	[-1.01,3.05]
Parent education
Other qualification				3.29	3.24	3.25	3.24
				[-2.85,9.43]	[-2.99,9.48]	[-2.98,9.48]	[-2.94,9.43]
Lower level Standard Grades and Vocational qualifications				-1.39	-1.29	-1.28	-1.32
				[-6.98,4.20]	[-6.88,4.30]	[-6.88,4.31]	[-6.93,4.30]
Upper level Standard Grades and Intermediate Vocational qualifications				-2.17	-2.01	-2.02	-2.09
				[-6.54,2.20]	[-6.39,2.37]	[-6.40,2.36]	[-6.47,2.29]
Higher grades and Upper level vocational qualifications				-2.98	-2.77	-2.76	-2.76
				[-7.25,1.30]	[-7.06,1.53]	[-7.05,1.53]	[-7.07,1.55]
Degree level academic and vocational qualifications				-2.09	-1.76	-1.77	-1.79
				[-6.39,2.20]	[-6.08,2.55]	[-6.08,2.55]	[-6.11,2.54]
Deprivation
Quintile 2					0.64	0.6	0.54
					[-0.73,2.02]	[-0.86,2.05]	[-0.91,2.00]
Quintile 3					0.56	0.52	0.47
					[-0.99,2.10]	[-1.05,2.09]	[-1.09,2.03]
Quintile 4					1.07	1.08	1.07
					[-0.61,2.75]	[-0.61,2.76]	[-0.61,2.76]
Quintile 5 – most deprived					1.47	1.5	1.49
					[-0.53,3.48]	[-0.51,3.52]	[-0.52,3.50]
Rurality
Rural						0.18	0.21
						[-1.17,1.53]	[-1.13,1.56]
SDQ
Borderline							-0.37
							[-2.66,1.93]
Abnormal							1.09
							[-1.27,3.44]
Constant	5.36***	5.86***	6.00***	8.01***	6.93**	6.89**	6.83**
	[4.55,6.17]	[4.82,6.89]	[4.14,7.85]	[3.81,12.22]	[2.57,11.29]	[2.52,11.26]	[2.44,11.23]
N	2336	2336	2336	2336	2336	2336	2336

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, parent and child respondents. Complete case analysis. Figures outside parentheses indicate regression coefficients, figures outside indicate confidence intervals.

Table 9-8 Changes to parental working patterns

Variable	Percentage	N
Transition to secondary school affected parent's working pattern		3295
Yes	7.4
No	92.6
How transition to secondary school affected parent's working pattern		247
Increase in number of hours worked	32.5
Reduction in number of hours worked	11.1
Different working pattern (work the same number of hours but	45.9
Other	10.5
Transition to secondary school affected parent partner's working pattern		2586
Yes	2.7
No	97.3
How transition to secondary school affected parent partner's working pattern		74
Increase in number of hours worked	9.1
Reduction in number of hours worked	5.7
Different working pattern (work the same number of hours but different schedule)	75.0
Other	10.2

Source: GUS sweep 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-9 Changes to parental working patterns by socioeconomic characteristics

Covariate	Transition affected work pattern	Transition did not affect work pattern	N
Main Respondent
Family type
Single Parent	8.5	91.5	709
Couple Family	7.1	92.9	2586
Number of children in household
One	10.0	90.0	1047
Two or three	6.3	93.7	2073
Four or more	5.2	94.8	175
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	5.5	94.5	602
Quintile 2	6.4	93.6	588
Quintile 3	7.9	92.1	664
Quintile 4	8.2	91.8	572
Top Quintile	9.6	90.4	592
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	4.2	95.8	779
Quintile 4	6.5	93.5	488
Quintile 3	9.2	90.8	576
Quintile 2	7.6	92.4	722
Quintile 1 – least deprived	9.5	90.5	730
Rurality
Not rural	7.0	93.0	2519
Rural	8.7	91.3	776
Child has additional support need(s) at S1
Yes	8.0	92.0	497
No	7.3	92.7	2795
Partner
Number of children in household
One	3.2	96.8	748
Two or three	2.7	97.3	1699
Four or more	0.0	100.0	139
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	0.0	100.0	258
Quintile 2	2.4	97.6	415
Quintile 3	2.9	97.1	585
Quintile 4	2.4	97.6	541
Top Quintile	5.1	94.9	572
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	1.2	98.8	480
Quintile 4	1.0	99.0	361
Quintile 3	2.9	97.1	473
Quintile 2	3.9	96.1	623
Quintile 1 – least deprived	3.5	96.5	649
Rurality
Not rural	2.7	97.3	1928
Rural	2.6	97.4	658
Child has additional support need(s) at S1
Yes	3.1	96.9	355
No	2.6	97.4	2229

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-10 Changes to parental working patterns at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Changes to parental working pattern
Covariate	Increase in hours worked	Decrease in hours worked	Different working pattern, same hours	Other	N
Main respondent
Family type
Single Parent	29.0	16.4	46.4	8.2	58
Couple Family	33.8	9.2	45.7	11.3	189
Number of children in household
One	31.2	8.3	52.5	8.0	102
Two or three	35.3	12.7	42.2	9.7	137
Four or more	*	*	*	*	*
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	38.6	11.1	40.2	10.1	31
Quintile 2	39.4	14.8	33.1	12.7	39
Quintile 3	37.0	7.8	53.0	2.2	53
Quintile 4	26.9	6.6	55.3	11.1	48
Top Quintile	30.6	5.6	51.8	12.0	58
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	28.8	21.5	41.8	8.0	33
Quintile 4	30.0	19.4	38.2	12.3	34
Quintile 3	30.4	8.2	52.3	9.1	51
Quintile 2	43.2	8.6	35.3	12.9	58
Quintile 1 – least deprived	28.2	6.3	55.8	9.6	71
Rurality
Not rural	28.7	12.6	47.2	11.5	178
Rural	42.5	7.3	42.3	7.8	69
Child has additional support need(s) at P6 and/or S1
Yes	14.2	21.1	51.3	13.4	47
No	37.0	8.7	44.5	9.8	200
Partner
Number of children in household
One	15.8	5.7	63.8	14.7	23
Two or three	5.8	5.7	80.6	8.0	51
Four or more	*	*	*	*	*
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 2	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 3	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 4	*	*	*	*	*
Top Quintile	2.9	11.6	78.8	6.7	28
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 4	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 3	*	*	*	*	*
Quintile 2	13.9	16.2	62.1	7.8	26
Quintile 1 – least deprived	7.4	89.0	3.6	0.0	24
Rurality
Not rural	12.1	2.5	76.0	9.4	56
Rural	*	*	*	*	*
Child has additional support need(s) at P6 and/or S1
Yes	8.8	71.2	20.0	0.0	13
No	10.9	5.1	75.8	8.2	61

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages. * No estimate(s) provided due to low base size.

Table 9-11 Meeting school related costs

Variable	Percentage	N
Parent has had additional school related costs since starting S1 due to		3292
After-school child care	0.5
School uniform	50.3
Equipment for school (e.g. books, sporting goods)	24.3
After-school activities/clubs	12.3
Travel to/from school	16.8
School trips	36.6
Child's school lunches	67.0
Other	2.7
None of these	14.2
How difficult to meet these increased costs?		2793
Very difficult	4.0
Somewhat difficult	27.9
Not very difficult	42.8
Not difficult at all	25.3
How easy or difficult to meet any school related costs		3289
Very easy	17.3
Easy	31.4
Neither easy nor difficult	35.0
Difficult	9.8
Very difficult	2.1
No costs associated with child schooling	4.4

Source: GUS sweep 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages. * No estimate(s) provided due to low base size.

Table 9-12 Whether any additional childcare costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional after school childcare costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	99.6	0.4	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	99.5	0.5	187
Not working	100.0	0.0	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	99.6	0.4	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	99.7	0.3	1479
Not working	99.0	1.0	465
Family type
Single Parent	99.3	0.7	708
Couple Family	99.5	0.5	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	99.6	0.4	1116
Has younger siblings	99.4	0.6	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	99.6	0.4	601
Quintile 2	99.3	0.7	588
Quintile 3	99.4	0.6	664
Quintile 4	99.6	0.4	572
Top Quintile	99.6	0.4	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	99.1	0.9	776
Quintile 4	99.5	0.5	488
Quintile 3	99.4	0.6	576
Quintile 2	99.8	0.2	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	99.4	0.6	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	99.5	0.5	2516
Rural	99.4	0.6	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-13 Whether any additional school uniform costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional school uniform costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	55.5	44.5	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	55.2	44.8	187
Not working	45.2	54.8	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	55.4	44.6	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	52.8	47.2	1479
Not working	43.8	56.2	465
Family type
Single Parent	38.4	61.6	708
Couple Family	53.1	46.9	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	56.8	43.2	1116
Has younger siblings	48.6	51.4	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	38.5	61.5	601
Quintile 2	39.6	60.4	588
Quintile 3	49.2	50.8	664
Quintile 4	60.4	39.6	572
Top Quintile	64.2	35.8	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	37.2	62.8	776
Quintile 4	41.4	58.6	488
Quintile 3	52.2	47.8	576
Quintile 2	56.9	43.1	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	59.2	40.8	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	48.6	51.4	2516
Rural	53.2	46.8	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-14 Whether any additional school equipment costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional school equipment costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	77.4	22.6	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	75.3	24.7	187
Not working	75.5	24.5	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	76.9	23.1	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	78.3	21.7	1479
Not working	70.9	29.1	465
Family type
Single Parent	73.2	26.8	708
Couple Family	76.5	23.5	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	77.3	22.7	1116
Has younger siblings	75.7	24.3	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	76.0	24.0	601
Quintile 2	73.0	27.0	588
Quintile 3	73.7	26.3	664
Quintile 4	78.6	21.4	572
Top Quintile	76.7	23.3	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	74.2	25.8	776
Quintile 4	76.2	23.8	488
Quintile 3	76.2	23.8	576
Quintile 2	76.0	24.0	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	76.1	23.9	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	75.1	24.9	2516
Rural	77.7	22.3	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-15 Whether any additional costs for after-school activities or clubs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional costs for after-school activities/clubs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	87.5	12.5	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	88.6	11.4	187
Not working	94.3	5.7	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	86.3	13.7	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	88.2	11.8	1479
Not working	86.8	13.2	465
Family type
Single Parent	86.1	13.9	708
Couple Family	88.2	11.8	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	87.7	12.3	1116
Has younger siblings	87.7	12.3	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	88.4	11.6	601
Quintile 2	87.1	12.9	588
Quintile 3	87.3	12.7	664
Quintile 4	89.5	10.5	572
Top Quintile	86.2	13.8	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	89.8	10.2	776
Quintile 4	87.2	12.8	488
Quintile 3	87.9	12.1	576
Quintile 2	86.6	13.4	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	87.2	12.8	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	88.7	11.3	2516
Rural	84.6	15.4	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-16 Whether any additional costs for travel to and/or from school at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional costs for travel to/from school at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	85.5	14.5	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	81.0	19.0	187
Not working	83.4	16.6	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	82.9	17.1	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	85.7	14.3	1479
Not working	80.4	19.6	465
Family type
Single Parent	78.7	21.3	708
Couple Family	84.5	15.5	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	83.9	16.1	1116
Has younger siblings	83.8	16.2	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	79.1	20.9	601
Quintile 2	82.2	17.8	588
Quintile 3	83.3	16.7	664
Quintile 4	86.2	13.8	572
Top Quintile	85.1	14.9	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	74.5	25.5	776
Quintile 4	81.7	18.3	488
Quintile 3	88.2	11.8	576
Quintile 2	85.7	14.3	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	85.6	14.4	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	81.1	18.9	2516
Rural	89.7	10.3	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-17 Whether any additional school trip costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional school trip costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	63.9	36.1	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	62.1	37.9	187
Not working	65.7	34.3	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	62.1	37.9	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	64.8	35.2	1479
Not working	62.9	37.1	465
Family type
Single Parent	62.6	37.4	708
Couple Family	63.6	36.4	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	64.5	35.5	1116
Has younger siblings	63.9	36.1	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	65.5	34.5	601
Quintile 2	63.0	37.0	588
Quintile 3	66.0	34.0	664
Quintile 4	61.8	38.2	572
Top Quintile	59.6	40.4	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	66.5	33.5	776
Quintile 4	64.0	36.0	488
Quintile 3	63.6	36.4	576
Quintile 2	61.3	38.7	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	61.9	38.1	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	64.4	35.6	2516
Rural	60.1	39.9	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-18 Whether any additional school lunch costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional school lunch costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	32.9	67.1	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	32.0	68.0	187
Not working	40.6	59.4	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	32.7	67.3	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	30.4	69.6	1479
Not working	38.7	61.3	465
Family type
Single Parent	33.9	66.1	708
Couple Family	32.7	67.3	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	35.5	64.5	1116
Has younger siblings	31.3	68.7	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	35.2	64.8	601
Quintile 2	28.8	71.2	588
Quintile 3	29.4	70.6	664
Quintile 4	35.9	64.1	572
Top Quintile	36.7	63.3	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	31.9	68.1	776
Quintile 4	30.6	69.4	488
Quintile 3	32.0	68.0	576
Quintile 2	32.2	67.8	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	38.2	61.8	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	33.6	66.4	2516
Rural	31.1	68.9	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.‑19 Whether any other additional costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

Table 9-19 Whether any other additional costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Additional costs for something else at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	97.0	3.0	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	98.7	1.3	187
Not working	95.6	4.4	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	97.2	2.8	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	97.1	2.9	1479
Not working	97.5	2.5	465
Family type
Single Parent	97.4	2.6	708
Couple Family	97.2	2.8	2584
Whether child has older sibling
No younger siblings	97.8	2.2	1116
Has younger siblings	96.9	3.1	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	97.9	2.1	601
Quintile 2	97.8	2.2	588
Quintile 3	96.3	3.7	664
Quintile 4	96.6	3.4	572
Top Quintile	98.0	2.0	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	96.6	3.4	776
Quintile 4	97.1	2.9	488
Quintile 3	97.3	2.7	576
Quintile 2	97.6	2.4	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	97.6	2.4	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	97.5	2.5	2516
Rural	96.4	3.6	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-20 Whether there are no additional school costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	No additional school costs at S1
Covariate	No	Yes	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	85.0	15.0	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	83.9	16.1	187
Not working	79.9	20.1	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	85.0	15.0	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	86.7	13.3	1479
Not working	83.9	16.1	465
Family type
Single Parent	88.6	11.4	708
Couple Family	84.9	15.1	2584
Whether child has younger sibling
No younger siblings	83.2	16.8	1116
Has younger siblings	87.1	12.9	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	85.6	14.4	601
Quintile 2	89.0	11.0	588
Quintile 3	86.7	13.3	664
Quintile 4	83.8	16.2	572
Top Quintile	84.2	15.8	592
Area deprivation
Quintile 5 - most deprived	88.4	11.6	776
Quintile 4	87.6	12.4	488
Quintile 3	85.0	15.0	576
Quintile 2	84.5	15.5	722
Quintile 1 - least deprived	83.6	16.4	730
Home address rurality
Not rural	85.5	14.5	2516
Rural	86.6	13.4	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-21 Parent reported difficulty in meeting additional school costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	How difficult to meet increased costs
Covariate	Very difficult	Somewhat difficult	Not very difficult	Not difficult at all	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	1.0	17.8	47.5	33.7	1594
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	3.9	27.0	45.3	23.7	155
Not working	6.6	44.1	32.1	17.2	102
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	1.7	19.5	44.3	34.5	575
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	2.2	23.1	46.5	28.3	1266
Not working	5.1	38.9	38.6	17.4	382
Family type
Single Parent	10.4	46.4	34.9	8.3	620
Couple Family	2.0	22.0	45.3	30.7	2173
Whether child has younger sibling in household
No younger siblings	3.5	21.5	44.1	30.8	910
Has younger siblings	2.3	26.3	44.7	26.6	1237
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	11.1	48.3	34.0	6.7	511
Quintile 2	4.1	40.9	42.8	12.2	516
Quintile 3	2.1	22.5	50.2	25.2	571
Quintile 4	10.8	46.5	42.7	0.0	477
Top Quintile	0.3	6.0	42.1	51.6	494
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	8.2	43.5	37.2	11.2	674
Quintile 4	6.9	35.7	40.9	16.5	421
Quintile 3	2.8	22.6	46.6	28.0	486
Quintile 2	1.8	24.0	43.5	30.6	608
Quintile 1 – least deprived	0.7	13.4	45.9	40.0	604
Rurality
Not rural	4.3	30.4	42.0	23.3	2123
Rural	3.3	19.6	45.3	31.8	670

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-22 Parent reported difficulty in meeting any school related costs at S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	How easy/difficult to pay any costs associated with child's school
Covariate	Very easy	Easy	Neither easy nor difficult	Difficult	Very difficult	No schooling costs	N
Partner employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	23.1	36.6	30.8	4.3	0.7	4.6	1897
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	18.0	27.5	37.3	11.6	0.4	5.2	187
Not working	8.1	23.6	42.6	19.2	3.2	3.3	126
Main respondent employment status
Working - full-time (>=35 hrs pr wk)	22.0	35.0	33.3	5.2	0.6	4.0	685
Working - part-time (<35 hrs pr wk)	19.5	35.1	33.8	6.3	1.6	3.7	1479
Not working	10.3	25.3	39.2	17.0	2.8	5.3	465
Family type
Single Parent	3.6	22.3	44.8	20.1	5.7	3.5	708
Couple Family	21.5	34.1	32.1	6.7	1.0	4.7	2581
Whether child has younger sibling in household
No younger siblings	20.5	34.6	31.0	7.4	1.8	4.7	1116
Has younger siblings	17.7	32.0	36.6	8.2	1.5	4.0	1431
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	3.9	17.6	46.3	22.6	5.2	4.5	601
Quintile 2	6.2	27.0	48.4	11.9	2.6	4.1	588
Quintile 3	16.7	40.6	32.5	5.7	1.2	3.3	664
Quintile 4	31.8	39.7	22.5	2.2	3.8	0.0	572
Top Quintile	36.1	35.2	21.4	1.4	0.1	5.8	592
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	7.7	22.8	41.4	18.7	3.9	5.5	773
Quintile 4	11.4	31.1	37.0	14.0	2.5	4.1	488
Quintile 3	19.5	31.3	36.9	5.1	2.8	4.4	576
Quintile 2	20.5	33.9	32.9	7.8	1.1	3.8	722
Quintile 1 – least deprived	26.6	37.2	27.8	3.8	0.2	4.3	730
Rurality
Not rural	15.7	30.6	36.8	10.6	1.9	4.4	2513
Rural	22.7	33.8	29.5	7.1	2.5	4.5	776

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-23 Change in parent partner relationship status between P6 and S1 by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Change in main parent partner relationship status
Covariate	No change	Re-partnered	Separated	N
Gender
Male	92.6	2.5	4.9	1379
Female	92.8	2.6	4.6	1382
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	82.7	2.7	14.6	409
Quintile 2	91.0	4.8	4.3	459
Quintile 3	94.9	2.0	3.2	590
Quintile 4	97.5	1.1	1.4	539
Top Quintile	98.5	0.8	0.7	567
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	90.7	3.4	5.9	341
Quintile 4	88.8	3.8	7.4	449
Quintile 3	92.2	3.4	4.4	545
Quintile 2	94.6	1.7	3.7	717
Quintile 1 – least deprived	95.8	1.0	3.2	709
Rurality
Not rural	92.1	2.6	5.3	2012
Rural	94.3	2.4	3.3	749

Source: GUS, sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded at both sweeps. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-24 Child experiencing bullying by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Child experienced bullying
Covariate	Neither P6 nor S1	P6 only	S1 only	P6 and S1	N
Gender
Male	49.1	21.5	10.8	18.6	1313
Female	53.0	18.9	10.4	17.7	1340
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	44.6	24.5	7.3	23.5	386
Quintile 2	48.7	20.4	9.7	21.2	436
Quintile 3	51.0	22.3	10.7	16.0	567
Quintile 4	56.3	15.5	12.2	16.0	526
Top Quintile	57.7	16.0	12.2	14.1	554
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	49.7	19.3	8.0	23.0	321
Quintile 4	49.6	24.0	7.4	19.0	431
Quintile 3	49.9	24.3	9.0	16.8	517
Quintile 2	51.8	15.6	14.0	18.6	698
Quintile 1 – least deprived	53.4	19.0	12.4	15.2	686
Rurality
Not rural	51.5	20.4	10.6	17.5	1930
Rural	49.9	19.7	10.5	19.9	723

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, where child responded at both sweeps. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-25 Children reported as having any additional support needs by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics

	Child had any additional support needs
Covariate	Neither P6 nor S1	P6 only	S1 only	P6 and S1	N
Gender
Male	75.1	4.4	6.3	14.2	1374
Female	85.5	3.1	4.1	7.3	1378
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	76.9	2.6	6.7	13.8	406
Quintile 2	75.2	4.0	7.8	12.9	459
Quintile 3	78.4	5.1	4.4	12.2	587
Quintile 4	85.7	3.0	3.5	7.8	538
Top Quintile	86.4	3.5	3.7	6.3	567
Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	81.8	4.2	4.5	9.5	707
Quintile 4	79.7	4.2	4.1	11.9	715
Quintile 3	83.0	3.2	4.2	9.6	544
Quintile 2	79.7	3.2	5.9	11.1	447
Quintile 1 – least deprived	75.8	4.0	8.5	11.7	339
Rurality
Not rural	80.0	3.5	5.6	10.8	2005
Rural	81.0	4.5	3.9	10.6	747

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, where child responded at both sweeps. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-26 Change in other life and developmental events between P6 and S1

Variable	Percentage	N
Change in parent partner status		2761
No change	92.7
Re-partnered	2.5
Separated	4.8
Child experienced bullying at:		2653
Neither P6 nor S1	51.1
P6 only	20.2
S1 only	10.6
P6 and S1	18.1
Number of upsetting life events since P6		2469
None	46.2
One or more	53.8

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, all parents/children who responded at both sweeps.

Table 9-27 Number of upsetting life events experienced by child between P6 and S1

	Number of upsetting events
Covariate	None	One or more	N
Gender
Male	48.4	51.6	1243
Female	43.9	56.1	1226
Equivalised income
Bottom Quintile	33.2	66.8	350
Quintile 2	46.2	53.8	402
Quintile 3	45.8	54.2	539
Quintile 4	49.1	50.9	499
Top Quintile	56.5	43.5	515
Area Deprivation
Quintile 5 – most deprived	41.0	59.0	290
Quintile 4	39.6	60.4	393
Quintile 3	47.8	52.2	485
Quintile 2	48.9	51.1	659
Quintile 1 – least deprived	52.9	47.1	642
Rurality
Not rural	45.7	54.3	1780
Rural	47.9	52.1	689

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, all parents who responded. Figures indicate weighted percentages.

Table 9-28 Linear regression model of changes in cognitive ability between P6 and S1 by socioeconomic, demographic factors and other developmental and upsetting life events.

Transition
Moderate	-1.49*	-1.50**	-1.49*	-1.49*	-1.49*
	[-2.62,-0.35]	[-2.64,-0.37]	[-2.62,-0.36]	[-2.62,-0.35]	[-2.63,-0.34]
Negative	-2.10*	-2.12*	-2.16**	-2.17**	-2.19*
	[-3.74,-0.47]	[-3.75,-0.49]	[-3.79,-0.53]	[-3.80,-0.54]	[-3.86,-0.51]
Gender	0	0	0	0	0
Female	-0.8	-0.77	-0.79	-0.81	-0.82
	[-1.89,0.29]	[-1.86,0.31]	[-1.87,0.29]	[-1.90,0.27]	[-1.91,0.26]
Equivalised income	0	0	0	0	0
Quintile 2	0.2	0.16	-0.06	-0.05	-0.06
	[-1.88,2.28]	[-1.93,2.25]	[-2.14,2.02]	[-2.13,2.02]	[-2.15,2.02]
Quintile 3	0.45	0.39	0.16	0.22	0.22
	[-1.54,2.43]	[-1.59,2.38]	[-1.84,2.15]	[-1.78,2.21]	[-1.78,2.21]
Quintile 4	0.29	0.3	0.04	0.11	0.09
	[-1.80,2.38]	[-1.79,2.39]	[-2.07,2.15]	[-2.00,2.22]	[-2.03,2.20]
Top income quintile	0.98	0.96	0.69	0.76	0.74
	[-1.05,3.02]	[-1.07,3.00]	[-1.38,2.75]	[-1.31,2.83]	[-1.34,2.82]
Parent education
Other qualification	3.12	2.99	3.08	3.1	3.02
	[-3.00,9.24]	[-3.23,9.21]	[-3.04,9.19]	[-3.05,9.25]	[-3.19,9.22]
Lower level Standard Grades and Vocational qualifications	-1.49	-1.39	-1.48	-1.51	-1.49
	[-7.12,4.14]	[-7.05,4.27]	[-7.09,4.12]	[-7.10,4.09]	[-7.04,4.07]
Upper level Standard Grades and Intermediate Vocational qualifications	-2.34	-2.36	-2.5	-2.46	-2.48
	[-6.75,2.06]	[-6.79,2.07]	[-6.88,1.88]	[-6.85,1.93]	[-6.86,1.91]
Higher grades and Upper level vocational qualifications	-2.93	-2.9	-3.04	-3	-2.98
	[-7.27,1.40]	[-7.26,1.45]	[-7.33,1.25]	[-7.31,1.30]	[-7.28,1.31]
Degree level academic and vocational qualifications	-1.97	-1.93	-2.09	-2.06	-2.06
	[-6.32,2.37]	[-6.30,2.44]	[-6.40,2.23]	[-6.39,2.27]	[-6.38,2.25]
Deprivation
Quintile 2	0.58	0.6	0.57	0.57	0.54
	[-0.87,2.03]	[-0.85,2.04]	[-0.87,2.02]	[-0.87,2.02]	[-0.90,1.99]
Quintile 3	0.51	0.55	0.51	0.5	0.5
	[-1.05,2.07]	[-1.01,2.11]	[-1.06,2.07]	[-1.07,2.06]	[-1.06,2.07]
Quintile 4	1.16	1.2	1.15	1.12	1.11
	[-0.52,2.85]	[-0.48,2.88]	[-0.53,2.82]	[-0.56,2.79]	[-0.57,2.79]
Quintile 5 – most deprived	1.5	1.54	1.43	1.42	1.38
	[-0.52,3.52]	[-0.48,3.55]	[-0.58,3.44]	[-0.59,3.43]	[-0.62,3.39]
Rurality
Rural	0.22	0.22	0.14	0.16	0.16
	[-1.12,1.57]	[-1.12,1.56]	[-1.20,1.49]	[-1.18,1.51]	[-1.19,1.50]
SDQ
Borderline	-0.42	-0.48	-0.34	-0.35	-0.38
	[-2.69,1.86]	[-2.78,1.82]	[-2.65,1.97]	[-2.65,1.96]	[-2.73,1.96]
Abnormal	1.11	0.92	0.93	0.81	0.73
	[-1.31,3.52]	[-1.54,3.38]	[-1.51,3.36]	[-1.63,3.24]	[-1.76,3.22]
Additional support needs present
At P6		-0.85	-0.8	-0.8	-0.73
		[-4.04,2.35]	[-3.98,2.39]	[-3.98,2.38]	[-3.90,2.45]
At S1		-1.96	-1.94	-1.96	-1.89
		[-5.57,1.65]	[-5.54,1.66]	[-5.56,1.64]	[-5.48,1.70]
At P6 and/or S1		2.91	2.8	2.77	2.66
		[-1.37,7.19]	[-1.48,7.07]	[-1.51,7.05]	[-1.61,6.92]
Change in parent partner status
Repartnered			1.41	1.43	1.43
			[-3.81,6.63]	[-3.77,6.63]	[-3.80,6.66]
Separated			-2.6	-2.83	-2.86
			[-5.50,0.29]	[-5.81,0.15]	[-5.85,0.12]
Number of upsetting life events between P6 and S1				0.29	0.3
				[-0.28,0.86]	[-0.27,0.87]
Experience of bullying at P6 and/or S1
Bullied at P6 only					-0.47
					[-1.90,0.96]
Bullied at S1 only					-0.22
					[-1.99,1.55]
Bullied at P6 and S1					0.31
					[-1.24,1.87]
Constant	6.91**	6.77**	7.24**	6.98**	7.07**
	[2.50,11.31]	[2.34,11.19]	[2.84,11.65]	[2.48,11.48]	[2.55,11.60]
N	2328	2328	2328	2328	2328

Source: GUS sweeps 8 and 9, parent and child respondents. Complete case analysis. Figures outside parentheses indicate regression coefficients, figures outside indicate confidence intervals.