Understanding extremism in Scotland: review of definitions and terminology

A report which reviews definitions of extremism used by governments in countries other than Scotland.


4. Bibliography

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Australian Government (2022) Safeguarding Our Community Together Australia's Counter-Terrorism Strategy 2022. Australia: Australian Government. Available at: Safeguarding Our Community Together Australia's Counter-Terrorism Strategy 2022.

Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (2021) Director-General's Annual Threat Assessment. Available at: Director-General's Annual Threat Assessment.

Austrian Government (2022) Reply of the Government of Austria to the information request of five Special Rapporteurs on the Austrian Anti-Terrorism Act (Terrorbekämpfungs-Gesetz TeBG). Available at: Reply of the Government of Austria to the information request of five Special Rapporteurs on the Austrian Anti-Terrorism Act (Terrorbekämpfungs-Gesetz TeBG).

Bötticher, A. (2017) 'Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism', Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(4), pp. 73-77.

Bundesweites Netzwerk Extremismusprävention und Deradikalisierung (2018) The Austrian Strategy for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism and De-radicalisation. Austria: Bundesweites Netzwerk Extremismusprävention und Deradikalisierung. Available at: The Austrian Strategy for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism and De-radicalisation.

Canadian Government (2019a) Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act. Available at: Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act.

Canadian Security Intelligence Service (2019b) CSIS Public Report 2019. Available at: CSIS Public Report 2019.

Canadian Government (2022) Criminal Code. Available at: Criminal Code.

Commission for Countering Extremism (2019) Challenging Hateful Extremism. Available at: Challenging Hateful Extremism.

Commission for Countering Extremism (2021) Operating with Impunity: Hateful extremism: The need for a legal framework. Available at: Operating with Impunity: Hateful extremism: The need for a legal framework.

Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015. Available at: UK Government legislation (CTSA).

Crime Prevention Department of the Office of the Minister of Interior of the Slovak Republic (2020) The Conceptual Framework for Countering Radicalisation and Extremism by 2024. Slovakia: Minister of the Interior. Available at: The Conceptual Framework for Countering Radicalisation and Extremism by 2024.

Danish Government (2016) Preventing and Countering Extremism and Radicalisation: National Action Plan. Denmark: Danish Government. Available at: Preventing and Countering Extremism and Radicalisation: National Action Plan.

Elliot, M. and Thomas, R. (2012) Public Law (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (2022) Terrorism. Available at: Terrorism.

Federal Government, Germany (2016) Federal Government Strategy to Prevent Extremism and Promote Democracy. Berlin: Federal Government. Available at: Federal Government Strategy to Prevent Extremism and Promote Democracy.

Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Homeland Security (2020) Domestic Terrorism: Definitions, Terminology, and Methodology. Available at: Domestic Terrorism: Definitions, Terminology, and Methodology.

Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Homeland Security (2021) Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism. Available at: Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism.

Ford, K. (2017) 'Developing a Peace Perspective on Counter-Extremist Education', Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 29(2), pp. 144-152.

German Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (2022) Extremism. Available at: Extremism.

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Home Office (2015) Counter-Extremism Strategy. London: Home Office. Available at: Counter-Extremism Strategy.

Home Office (2018) CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism. UK: HM Government. Available at: CONTEST: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism.

Home Office (2021a) Revised Prevent duty guidance: for Scotland. UK: HM Government. Available at: Revised Prevent duty guidance: for Scotland.

Home Office (2021b) Prevent duty guidance: for further education institutions in Scotland. Available at: Prevent duty guidance: for further education institutions in Scotland.

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Lowe, D. (2017) Prevent Strategies: The Problems Associated in Defining Extremism: The Case of the United Kingdom', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 40(11).

Ministry of the Interior Security Policy Department (2021) Report on Extremism and Prejudicial Hatred in the Territory of the Czech Republic. Prague: Ministry of the Interior Security Policy Department.

Ministry of the Interior, Finland (2019) National Action Plan for the Prevention of Violent Radicalisation and Extremism 2019-2023. Ministry of the Interior: Finland. Available at: National Action Plan for the Prevention of Violent Radicalisation and Extremism 2019-2023.

Mythen, G., Walkate, S. and Peatfield, E. (2017) 'Assembling and deconstructing radicalisation in PREVENT: A case of policy-based evidence making?', Critical Social Policy, 37(2).

Nasser-Eddine, M., Garnham, B., Agostino, K. and Caluya, G. (2011) Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Literature Review. Australia: Australian Government. Available at: Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Literature Review.

New Zealand Government (2021) New Zealand's Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism Strategy. New Zealand: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Available at: New Zealand's Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism Strategy.

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New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (2021b) New Zealand's Violent Extremism Environment. Available at: New Zealand's Violent Extremism Environment.

Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2014) Action plan against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. Norway: Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: Action plan against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism.

Regehr, K. (2022) 'In(cel)doctrination: How technologically facilitated misogyny moves violence off screens and on to streets', New Media and Society, 24(1).

Redgrave, H., Stott, J. and Tipple, C. (2020) Countering Extremism: time to reboot? London: Crest Advisory. Available at: Countering Extremism: time to reboot?

Saija, B., Gearon, L., Kuusisto, A. and Koirikivi, P. (2021) 'Threshold of Adversity: Resilience and the Prevention of Extremism Through Education', Studies in Education, 41(3), pp. 201–218.

Schmid, A. P. (2013) Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review.

Schmid, A. P. (2014) Violent and Non-Violent Extremism: Two Sides of the Same Coin? The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: Violent and Non-Violent Extremism: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Scottish Government (2023) Understanding extremism in Scotland: Evidence review. Available at: Understanding extremism in Scotland: Evidence review.

Sotlar, A. (2004) 'Some Problems with a Definition and Perception of Extremism within a Society' in Mesko, G. et al. (eds.) Policing in Central and Eastern Europe: Dilemmas of Contemporary Criminal Justice. Slovenia: Faculty of Criminal Justice, University of Maribor.

Swedish Government (2015) Actions to Make Society More Resilient to Violent Extremism. Stockholm: Swedish Government. Available at: Actions to Make Society More Resilient to Violent Extremism.

Wilkinson and van Rij (2019) An analysis of the Commission for Countering Extremism's call for evidence. London: King's College London.

Contact

Email: SVT@gov.scot

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