Prison population: mental health needs

Appendix A. Prevalence of current or recent mental health problems in samples of people in prison in the UK (expanded)

Domain: Substance use

Condition: Drug use disorder

Study: Hassan et al 2011

Sample screened: 3079 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Not reported

Prevalence (%): 67

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Severity of Dependence Scale (dependence only)

Prevalence (%): 35

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Not reported (dependence only)

Prevalence (%): 57

Domain: Substance use

Condition: Alcohol use disorder

Study: Hassan et al 2011

Sample screened: 3079 men and women, convicted

Assessment measure: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Prevalence (%): 52

Study: Newbury-Birch et al 2009

Sample screened: 715 mixed sample, convicted, remand and probation

Assessment measure: AUDIT

Prevalence (%): 66

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: AUDIT- Primary Care

Prevalence (%): 56

Study: Newbury-Birch et al 2015

Sample screened: 411 mixed sample, young offenders

Assessment measure: AUDIT

Prevalence (%): 81

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (dependence only)

Prevalence (%): 33

Study: MacAskill et al 2011 (SP)

Sample screened: 259 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: AUDIT

Prevalence (%): 73

Study: Jones & Hoffman, 2006

Sample screened: 155 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Comprehensive Addictions and Psychological Evaluation

Prevalence (%): 48

Study: Graham et al 2012 (SP)

Sample screened: 96 men, remand

Assessment measure: AUDIT

Prevalence (%): 73

Domain: Psychotic disorders

Condition: Schizophrenia

Study: Senior et al 2013

Sample screened: 3482 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)

Prevalence (%): 1

Study: Kingston et al 2011

Sample screened: 121 men aged 50+ years, convicted

Assessment measure: Geriatric Mental Sate Examination (GMS)

Prevalence (%): 2

Domain: Psychotic disorders

Condition: Any psychosis

Study: Senior et al 2013

Sample screened: 3482 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: SADS

Prevalence (%): 4

Study: Hassan et al 2011

Sample screened: 3079 mixed sample, convicted

Assessment measure: SADS

Prevalence (%): 10

Study: Jarett et al 2012

Sample screened: 750 men aged 21-40, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States

Prevalence (%): 3

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - III (MCMI-III)

Prevalence (%): 18

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)

Prevalence (%): 12

Domain: Affective disorders

Condition: Depressive episode

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: SCAN

Prevalence (%): 22

Domain: Affective disorders

Condition: epressive disorder

Study: Senior et al 2013

Sample screened: 3482 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: SADS

Prevalence (%): 19

Study: Hassan et al 2011

Sample screened: 3079 mixed sample, convicted

Assessment measure: SADS

Prevalence (%): 32

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: MCMI-III

Prevalence (%): 25

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Clinical Interview Schedule- Revised (CIS-R)

Prevalence (%): 54

Study: Murdoch et al 2008

Sample screened: 121 men aged 55+ years, convicted

Assessment measure: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

Prevalence (%): 51

Study: Kingston et al 2011

Sample screened: 121 men aged 50+ years, convicted

Assessment measure: GMS

Prevalence (%): 43

Study: O'Hara et al 2016

Sample screened: 100 men aged 60-81, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: GDS-15

Prevalence (%): 55

Domain: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

Condition: Anxiety

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: MCMI-III

Prevalence (%): 36

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: CIS-R

Prevalence (%): 10

Domain: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

Condition: Phobia

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: CIS-R

Prevalence (%): 11

Domain: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

Condition: Panic disorder

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: CIS-R

Prevalence (%): 6

Domain: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

Condition: Post-traumatic stress disorder

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: MCMI-III

Prevalence (%): 16

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale

Prevalence (%): 8

Study: Facer-Irwin et al 2021

Sample screened: 221 women, convicted

Assessment measure: International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ)– PTSD ITQ – Complex PTSD

Prevalence (%): 8, 17

Domain: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders

Condition: Somatoform disorder

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: MCMI-III

Prevalence (%): 8

Domain: Eating disorder

Condition: Eating disorder

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: SCOFF Questionnaire

Prevalence (%): 20

Domain: Personality disorder

Condition: Personality disorder (any)

Study: Tyler et al 2019

Sample screened: 469 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: MCMI-III

Prevalence (%): 55

Study: Bebbington et al 2017

Sample screened: 368 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II)

Prevalence (%): 34

Study: Slade and Forrester 2013

Sample screened: 283 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: International Personality Disorder Examination – Screening Questionnaire

Prevalence (%): 77

Domain: Neurodevelopmental disorders

Condition: Intellectual disability

Study: Hassiotis et al 2011

Sample screened: 3142 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Quick Test

Prevalence (%): 4

Study: Murphy et al 2017

Sample screened: 2429 men, legal status not specified

Assessment measure: Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire (LDSQ)

Prevalence (%): 7

Study: Young et al 2018 (SP)

Sample screened: 392 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: LDSQ

Prevalence (%): 9

Study: McCarthy et al 2015

Sample screened: 240 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: LDSQ & Quick Test

Prevalence (%): 10

Study: Herrington 2009

Sample screened: 185 men aged 18-21, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, 2^nd edition & Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, 2^nd edition

Prevalence (%): 0

Study: Hayes et al 2007

Sample screened: 140 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3^rd edition & Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales

Prevalence (%): 3

Domain: Neurodevelopmental disorders

Condition: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Study: Young et al 2018 (SP)

Sample screened: 392 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults– 2.0 (DIVA 2.0)

Prevalence (%): 25

Study: McCarthy et al 2015

Sample screened: 240 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) & DIVA

Prevalence (%): 23

Study: Howitt & Thomson 2015 (SP)

Sample screened: 322 male young offenders, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: ASRS & Wender-Utah Rating Scales

Prevalence (%): 38

Study: Farooq et al 2016

Sample screened: 69 women, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Berkley Current and Child Symptom Scales

Prevalence (%): 41

Study: Young et al 2018

Sample screened: 392 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Autism Quotient (AQ)

Prevalence (%): 9

Domain: Neurodevelopmental disorders

Condition: Autism spectrum disorder

Study: Young et al 2018 (SP)

Sample screened: 392 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Autism Quotient (AQ)

Prevalence (%): 9

Study: Underwood et al 2016

Sample screened: 240 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: AQ, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) & Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI)

Prevalence (%): 2

Study: Robinson et al 2012 (SP)

Sample screened: 127 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: AQ

Prevalence (%): 6

Domain: Traumatic brain injury

Condition: Traumatic brain injury

Study: McMillan et al 2019 (SP)

Sample screened: 4,374 mixed sample, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: ICD codes relating to TBI

Prevalence (%): 24

Study: Williams et al 2010

Sample screened: 196 men, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Self-report questionnaire

Prevalence (%): 60

Study: McMillan et al 2021 (SP)

Sample screened: 109 women, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Ohio State Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method

Prevalence (%): 78

Study: O'Rourke et al 2018

Sample screened: 29 women, legal status not stated

Assessment measure: Brain Injury Screening Index

Prevalence (%): 79

Domain: Dementia

Condition: Dementia

Study: Forsyth et al 2020

Sample screened: 869 mixed sample aged 50+ years, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: Montreal Cognitive Assessment + Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III

Prevalence (%): 7

Study: Kingston et al 2011

Sample screened: 121 mixed sample aged 50+ years, convicted and remand

Assessment measure: GMS

Prevalence (%): 2

* Substance use disorder includes abuse and dependence. (SP) Indicates the study was conducted in a Scottish prison. ADHD = Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AQ = Autism Quotient; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CAAPE = Comprehensive Addictions and Psychological Evaluation; DIVA = Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; GMS = Geriatric Mental State Examination; ITQ = International Trauma Questionnaire; MBU = Mother and Baby Unit; MCMI-III = Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory – III; SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; SCAN = Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; SCID-II = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders