Aquaculture - use and efficacy of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs): report

7 Bibliography

Aarts, G., von Benda-Beckmann, A., Lucke, K., Özkan Sertlek, H., van Bemmelen, R., Geelhoed, S., Brasseur, S., Scheidat, M., FPA, L., Slabbekoorn, H., & Kirkwood, R. (2016). Harbour porpoise movement strategy affects cumulative number of animals acoustically exposed to underwater explosions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 557, 261–275.

Atkinson, S., Crocker, D., Houser, D., & Mashburn, K. (2015). Stress physiology in marine mammals: how well do they fit the terrestrial model? Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 185(5), 463–486.

Bain, D. E., & Dahlheim, M. E. (1994). Effects of Masking Noise on Detection Thresholds of Killer Whales. In Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez (pp. 243–256).

Barcellos, L. J. G., Ritter, F., Kreutz, L. C., Quevedo, R. M., da Silva, L. B., Bedin, A. C., Finco, J., & Cericato, L. (2007). Whole-body cortisol increases after direct and visual contact with a predator in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Aquaculture, 272(1–4), 774–778.

Benjamins, S., Risch, D., Lepper, P., & Wilson, B. (2018). Influences of lower-frequency Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) on cetaceans in Scottish coastal waters SARF112 (p. 142).

Booth, C. G. (2020). Food for thought: Harbor porpoise foraging behavior and diet inform vulnerability to disturbance. Marine Mammal Science, 36(1), 195–208.

Brandt, M. J., Höschle, C., Diederichs, A., Betke, K., Matuschek, R., & Nehls, G. (2013). Seal scarers as a tool to deter harbour porpoises from offshore construction sites. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 475, 291–302.

Butler, J. R. A., Middlemas, S. J., Graham, I., Thompson, P. M., & Armstrong, J. D. (2006). Modelling the impacts of removing seal predation from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, rivers in Scotland: a tool for targeting conflict resolution. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 13(5), 285–291.

Chasco, B. E., Kaplan, I. C., Thomas, A. C., Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A., Noren, D. P., Ford, M. J., Hanson, M. B., Scordino, J. J., Jeffries, S. J., Marshall, K. N., Shelton, A. O., Matkin, C., Burke, B. J., & Ward, E. J. (2017). Competing tradeoffs between increasing marine mammal predation and fisheries harvest of Chinook salmon. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–14.

Chudzinska, M., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Smout, S., Aarts, G., Brasseur, S., Graham, I., Thompson, P., & McConnell, B. (2021). AgentSeal: Agent-based model describing movement of marine central-place foragers. Ecological Modelling, 440(November 2020), 109397.

Coram, A., Gordon, J., Thompson, D., & Northridge, S. (2014). Evaluating and Assessing the Relative Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices and other Non-Lethal Measures on Marine Mammals. Scottish Government, 1–145.

Coram, A., Mazilu, M., & Northridge, S. (2016). Plugging the Gaps - Improving Our Knowledge of How Predators Impact Salmon Farms SARF097, A study commissioned by the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF).

DEFRA. (2019). Marine Strategy Part One : UK updated assessment and Good Environmental Status. October.

Dekeling, R., Tasker, M., Ainslie, M., Andersson, M., André, M., Borsani, F., Brensing, K., Castellote, M., Dalen, J., Folegot, T., van der Graaf, S., Leaper, R., Liebschner, A., Pajala, J., Robinson, S., Sigray, P., Sutton, G., Thomsen, F., Werner, S., … Young, J. V. (2016). The European marine strategy: Noise monitoring in European marine waters from 2014. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 875, 205–215.

Erbe, C., Reichmuth, C., Cunningham, K., Lucke, K., & Dooling, R. (2016). Communication masking in marine mammals: A review and research strategy. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 103(1–2), 15–38.

Findlay, C. R., Ripple, H. D., Coomber, F., Froud, K., Harries, O., van Geel, N. C. F., Caledran, S. V, Benjamins, S., Risch, D., & Wilson, B. (2018). Mapping widespread and increasing underwater noise pollution from acoustic deterrent devices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 1042–1050.

Gales, N., Hindell, M., & Kirkwood, R. (2003). Marine mammals: fisheries, tourism and management issues. Csiro Publishing.

Gordon, J., Blight, C., Bryant, E., & Thompson, D. (2019). Measuring responses of harbour seals to potential aversive acoustic mitigation signals using controlled exposure behavioural response studies. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(S1), 157–177.

Gosch, M., Luck, C., Cosgrove, R., Goetz, T., Tyndall, P., & Cronin, M. (2017). Development of acoustic deterrent device to mitigate seal fisheries interactions interim report January 2017. January, 13.

Götz, T., & Janik, V. (2010). Aversiveness of sounds in phocid seals: psycho-physiological factors, learning processes and motivation. Journal of Experimental Biology.

Götz, T., & Janik, V. M. (2011). Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning. BMC Neuroscience.

Götz, T., & Janik, V. M. (2013). Acoustic deterrent devices to prevent pinniped depredation: efficiency, conservation concerns and possible solutions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 492, 285–302.

Götz, T., & Janik, V. M. (2015). Target-specific acoustic predator deterrence in the marine environment. Animal Conservation, 18(1), 102–111.

Götz, T., & Janik, V. M. (2016). Non-lethal management of carnivore predation: Long-term tests with a startle reflex-based deterrence system on a fish farm. Animal Conservation, 1–10.

Graham, I., Harris, R. N., Denny, B., Fowden, D., & Pullan, D. (2009). Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent device for excluding seals from Atlantic salmon rivers in Scotland. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66(5), 860–864.

Graham, I., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., Barton, T. R., Cheney, B., Bono, S., & Thompson, P. M. (2019). Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6).

Harris, C. M., Thomas, L., Falcone, E. A., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D., Kvadsheim, P. H., Lam, F. P. A., Miller, P. J. O., Moretti, D. J., Read, A. J., Slabbekoorn, H., Southall, B. L., Tyack, P. L., Wartzok, D., & Janik, V. M. (2017). Marine mammals and sonar: Dose-response studies, the risk-disturbance hypothesis and the role of exposure context. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1), 396–404.

Harris, R. N., Harris, C. M., Duck, C. D., & Boyd, I. L. (2014). The effectiveness of a seal scarer at a wild salmon net fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71(5), 1913–1920.

Harwood, J., Booth, C., Sinclair, R., & Hague, E. (2020). Developing marine mammal Dynamic Energy Budget models and their potential for integration into the iPCoD framework. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science, 11(11), 1–80.

Hawkins, A. D. (1985). Seal Predation at Salmon Farms - Working Paper No 8/85.

Hotchkin, C., & Parks, S. (2013). The Lombard effect and other noise-induced vocal modifications: Insight from mammalian communication systems. Biological Reviews, 88(4), 809–824.

Jackson, D., Drumm, A., McEvoy, S., Jensen, Ø., Mendiola, D., Gabiña, G., Borg, J. A., Papageorgiou, N., Karakassis, Y., & Black, K. D. (2015). A pan-European valuation of the extent, causes and cost of escape events from sea cage fish farming. Aquaculture, 436, 21–26.

JNCC. (2020). Marine Noise Registry Service.

Johnston, D. W. (2002). The effect of acoustic harassment devices on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Biological Conservation, 108(1), 113–118.

Kastelein, R., Heul, S. van der, Terhune, J. M., Verboom, W. C., & Triesscheijn, R. J. V. (2006). Deterring effects of 8–45kHz tone pulses on harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina) in a large pool. Marine Environmental Research, 62, 356–373.

Kastelein, R., Hoek, L., Gransier, R., de Jong, C. a. F., Terhune, J. M., & Jennings, N. (2015). Hearing thresholds of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for playbacks of seal scarer signals, and effects of the signals on behavior. Hydrobiologia, 756(1), 89–103.

Kastelein, R., Hoek, L., Gransier, R., Rambags, M., & Claeys, N. (2014). Effect of level, duration, and inter-pulse interval of 1–2 kHz sonar signal exposures on harbor porpoise hearing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(1), 412–422.

Kastelein, R., Horvers, M., Helder-Hoek, L., Van de Voorde, S., ter Hofstede, R., & van der Meij, H. (2017). Behavioral Responses of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) to FaunaGuard Seal Module Sounds at Two Background Noise Levels. Aquatic Mammals, 43(4), 347–363.

Kastelein, R., Jennings, N., Verboom, W. C., De Haan, D., & Schooneman, N. M. (2006). Differences in the response of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to an acoustic alarm. Marine Environmental Research, 61(3), 363–378.

Königson, S. (2006). The conflict between grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and the Baltic coastal fisheries - new methods for the assessment and reduction of catch losses and gear damage. LiU-Tryck, Linköping 2006.

Kyhn, L. A., Jørgensen, P. B., Carstensen, J., Bech, N. I., Tougaard, J., Dabelsteen, T., & Teilmann, J. (2015). Pingers cause temporary habitat displacement in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 526, 253–265.

Lepper, P., Gordon, J., Booth, C., Theobald, P., Robinson, S. P., Northridge, S., & Wang, L. (2014). Establishing the sensitivity of cetaceans and seals to acoustic deterrent devices in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Comissioned Report No. 517, 5, 109pp.

Lepper, P., Turner, V. L. G., Goodson, A. D., & Black, K. D. (2004). Source Levels and Spectra Emitted by Three Commercial Aquaculture Anti-Predation Devices. Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Underwater Acoustics.

Marine Scotland. (2020a). ADD disturbance and injury distances for use in EPS licence applications v2.

Marine Scotland. (2020b). Information Note and Frequently Asked Questions for the Operators of Finfish Farms on the use of Acoustic Deterrent Devices and the Requirement for a European Protected Species Licence. October, 1–9.

Marine Scotland. (2020c). The protection of Marine European Protected Species from injury and disturbance. Guidance for Scottish Inshore Waters (July 2020 Version). Document Prepared by Scottish Government, July.

Mate, B. R., & Harvey, J. T. (1987). Acoustical Deterrents in Marine Mammal Conflicts with Fisheries. A Workshop Held February 17-18, 1986 at Newport, Oregon.

McGarry, T., De Silva, R., Canning, S., Mendes, S., Prior, A., & Stephenson, S.Wilson, J. (2020). Evidence base for application of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) as marine mammal mitigation. JNCC Report 615 v2.0. 615.

McGarry, T., Stephenson, S., Boisseau, O. J., & Compton, R. (2017). Understanding the Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) on Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), a Low Frequency Cetacean. December.

Mikkelsen, L., Hermannsen, L., Madsen, P. T., & Tougaard, J. (2017). Simulated seal scarer sounds scare porpoises , but not seals: species-specific responses to 12 kHz deterrence sounds. Royal Society Open Science, 4(7).

MMO. (2019). Assessing Options for Non-Lethal Seal Deterrents: Stakeholder Engagement Report. A report produced for the Marine Management Organisation, MMO Project No:1131.

MMO. (2020). Assessing Non-Lethal Seal Deterrent Options : Fishing Trials Technical Report (MMO1131). A report produced for the Marine Management Organisation.

Nabe-Nielsen, J., van Beest, F. M., Grimm, V., Sibly, R. M., Teilmann, J., & Thompson, P. M. (2018). Predicting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine populations. Conservation Letters, 11(5), 1–8.

Nielsen, N. H., Teilmann, J., Sveegaard, S., Hansen, R. G., Sinding, M. S., Dietz, R., & Heide-jørgensen, M. P. (2018). Oceanic movements, site fidelity and deep diving in harbour porpoises from Greenland show limited similarities to animals from the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 597, 259–272.

NOAA, & NMFS. (2018). 2018 Revision to : Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing ( Version 2 . 0 ) Underwater Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts. April.

Northridge, S., Coram, A., & Gordon, J. (2013). Investigations on Seal Depredation at Scottish Fish Farms Report to Marine Scotland. July, 1–79.

Northridge, S., Gordon, J., Booth, C., Calderan, S., Cargill, A., Coram, A., Gillespie, D., Lonergan, M., & Webb, A. (2010). Assessment of the impacts and utility of acoustic deterrent devices. In Oceans.

Olesiuk, P. F., Nichol, L. M., Sowden, M. J., & Ford, J. K. B. (2002). Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Retreat Passage, British Columbia. Marine Mammal Science, 18(4), 843-862.

OSPAR. (2014). Monitoring guidance for underwater noise in European seas - A guidance document within the common implementation strategy for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. OSPAR Commission Agreement 2014‐08ef.

Petras, E. (2003). A Review of Marine Mammal Deterrents and Their Possible Applications to Limit Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Predation on Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Alaska Fisheries Science Center. NMFS. US Dept. of Commerce (Issue February).

Pine, M. K., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R. M., Lieber, L., & Kregting, L. T. (2019). Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 103(December 2018), 49–57.

Quick, N. J., Middlemas, J., & Armstrong, J. D. (2002). The use of Anti-Predator Controls at Scottish Marine Salmon Farms - report no 03/02 (Issue 03).

RECC. (2018). Salmon farming in Scotland. Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee Report to the Scottish Parliament. 146.

Reichmuth, C., Sills, J. M., Mulsow, J., & Ghoul, A. (2019). Long-term evidence of noise-induced permanent threshold shift in a harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(4), 2552–2561.

Rojano-Donãte, L., McDonald, B. I., Wisniewska, D. M., Johnson, M., Teilmann, J., Wahlberg, M., Højer-Kristensen, J., & Madsen, P. T. (2018). High field metabolic rates of wild harbour porpoises. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(23).

Ross, A. (1988). Controlling Nature's Predators on Fish Farms.

Rubin, D. B. (2007). The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: Parallels with the design of randomized trials. Statistics Nin Medicine, 26(August 2005), 20–36.

Schaffeld, T., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B., Baltzer, J., Kristensen, J. H., Larsson, J., Schnitzler, J. G., & Siebert, U. (2019). The use of seal scarers as a protective mitigation measure can induce hearing impairment in harbour porpoises. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(6), 4288–4298.

Schakner, Z. A., & Blumstein, D. T. (2013). Behavioral biology of marine mammal deterrents: A review and prospectus. Biological Conservation, 167, 380–389.

SCOS. (2019). Scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations. 154pp.

Scotland's Aquaculture. (2020). Scotland's aquaculture.

Scottish Government. (2020a). Aquaculture Policy.

Scottish Government. (2020b). Second review of the operation of the seal licensing system under the Marine ( Scotland ) Act 2010. September.

Sepulveda, M., & Oliva, D. (2005). Interactions between South American sea lions Otaria flavescens (Shaw) and salmon farms in southern Chile. Aquaculture Research, 36(11), 1062–1068.

Shapiro, A. D., Tougaard, J., Jorgensen, P. B., Kyhn, L. A., Balle, J. D., Bernardez, C., Fjälling, A., Karlsen, J., & Wahlberg, M. (2009). Transmission loss patterns from acoustic harassment and deterrent devices do not always follow geometrical spreading predictions. Marine Mammal Science, 25(1), 53–67.

Southall, B. L., Finneran, J. J., Reichmuth, C., Nachtigall, P. E., Ketten, D. R., Bowles, A. E., Ellison, W. T., Nowacek, D. P., & Tyack, P. L. (2019). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Updated scientific recommendations for residual hearing effects. Aquatic Mammals, 45(2), 125–232.

Sprogis, K. R., Videsen, S., & Madsen, P. T. (2020). Vessel noise levels drive behavioural responses of humpback whales with implications for whale-watching. ELife, 9, e56760.

The Scottish Government. (2021). Acoustic Deterrent Device (ADD) Use in the Aquaculture Sector. March.

Thompson, D., Coram, A., Harris, R. N., & Sparling, C. E. (2021). Review of non-lethal seal control options to limit seal predation on salmonids in rivers and at finfish farms. Published by Marine Scotland Science. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Series.

Thompson, P. M., Farcas, A., Graham, I., Merchant, N. D., Cheney, B., & Barton, T. R. (2020). Balancing risks of injury and disturbance to marine mammals when pile driving at offshore windfarms. October, 1–12.

Turnbull, S. D. (1994). Changes in Masked Thresholds of a Harbor Seal (Phoca-Vitulina) Associated With Angular Separation of Signal and Noise Sources. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie, 72(11), 1863–1866.

van Beest, F. M., Teilmann, J., Hermannsen, L., Galatius, A., Mikkelsen, L., Sveegaard, S., Balle, J. D., Dietz, R., & Nabe-Nielsen, J. (2018). Fine-scale movement responses of free-ranging harbour porpoises to capture, tagging and short-term noise pulses from a single airgun Supplementary Materials.

Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources (W. M. Getz (ed.); Biological). MacMillan Publishing Company.

Westerberg, H., Fjälling, A., & Wahlberg, M. (1999). Evaluation of an acoustic seal-scarer at salmon trapnets in the Baltic. Int. Conference on Baltic Seals, 22.

Whyte, K. F. (2015). Investigating Seal Depredation at Scottish Salmon Farms. University of St Andrews.

Williams, B. K. (2011a). Adaptive management of natural resources—framework and issues. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(5), 1346–1353.

Williams, B. K. (2011b). Passive and active adaptive management: approaches and an example. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(5), 1371–1378.

Williams, R., Cholewiak, D., Clark, C. W., Erbe, C., George, C., Lacy, R. C., Leaper, R., Moore, S. E., New, L. F., Parsons, E. C. M., Rosenbaum, H. C., Rowles, T. K., Simmonds, M. P., Stimmelmayr, R., Suydam, R., & Wright, A. J. (2020). Chronic ocean noise and cetacean population models. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 21, 85–94.

Wright, A. J., Aguilar Soto, N., Baldwin, A. L., Bateson, M., Beale, C. M., Clark, C., Deak, T., Edwards, E. F., Fernández, A., Godinho, A., Hatch, L. T., Kakuschke, A., Lusseau, D., Martineau, D., Romero, L. M., Weilgart, L. S., Wintle, B. A., Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G., & Martin, V. (2007). Do marine mammals experience stress related to anthropogenic noise? International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 20, 274–316.

Yurk, H., & Trites, A. W. (2000). Experimental Attempts to Reduce Predation by Harbor Seals on Out-Migrating Juvenile Salmonids. Transactions of the Am, 129, 1360–1366.