Whole Family Wellbeing Funding Programme - CRWIA

Introduction

The aim of the Whole Family Wellbeing Programme (the Programme) is to enable the local system change required to deliver family support in line with Whole Family Wellbeing Funding (WFWF) Routemap and National Principles of Holistic Whole Family Support (www.gov.scot), The Programme aims to positively affect any child or young person and their families, irrespective of sex, disability, sexuality, race, religion or belief. Our vision is to provide access to the help they need, where and when they need it, and for as long as they need, free from stigma, in line with the Covid-19 Children and Families Collective Leadership Group Holistic Family Support: Vision and Blueprint for Change (www.gov.scot).

Our longer term ambition is that holistic whole family support will be available to every family who needs it. However, we recognise that this is a process which will take time, and that Children’s Services Planning Partnerships (CSPPs) are at different stages, and taking different approaches to delivery based on local need.

The Programme for Government (PfG) 2021-22 committed to investing £500m over the lifetime of this Parliament to support the development of holistic, whole family support services in line with our Vision and National Principles. The purpose of this CRWIA is to review the progress being made with the Programme from its initiation to present time. This CRWIA will be updated as the Programme evolves, in line with the WFWF Investment Approach.

The Programme takes a holistic view of the term family – adoptive, biological, foster, kinship, extended, composite and others i.e. settings and homes that have felt like family - and that some children and young people may belong to more than one family. Support through the Programme is targeted to families with children who are under 18 (or under 25 if care experienced) who may or may not live with the rest of the family; and families who are seeking to conceive, including pregnant women who may need support before the baby is born. It is acknowledged that families of adults may also continue to need different forms of support. This definition of family is set out in The Holistic Family Support: Vision and Blueprint for Change, and is what CSPPs are considering when deciding how best to deploy the Programme in their local areas.

Type of proposal: review of a decision of a strategic nature relating to the rights and wellbeing of children

Through the delivery of holistic family support, the WFWF Programme's long-term aims are:

1. improved family wellbeing, in line with the Children, Young People and Families Outcomes Framework: Core Wellbeing Indicators – National Reporting

2. reduced inequalities in family wellbeing between those from the most and least disadvantaged communities

3. reduction in families requiring crisis intervention through a shift in investment towards prevention and early intervention

4. reduction in the number of children and young people living away from their families, by strengthening and supporting families to stay together where children are safe and feel loved

5. increase in families taking up wider supports, such as employability support, contributing to a reduction in children living in poverty or entering poverty across the six priority family types as identified in the in the first Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan Every child, every chance: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2018-2022 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot) and in the second publication Best Start, Bright Futures: Tackling Child Poverty Delivery Plan 2022-2026 (www.gov.scot)

To achieve these aims we need:

• to support children and families, regardless of where their need arises, and to wrap that support around the needs of the whole family, delivered in line with the WFWF Routemap and National Principles of Holistic Whole Family Support
• whole system change, to ensure that support services are experienced as seamless to those who use them
• a multi-agency and multi-disciplinary approach drawing in support across adult and children’s services, including employability, mental health, alcohol and drugs misuse, and education

Following engagement with stakeholders, including The Promise Scotland, third sector, health and local government, the Programme was split into 3 distinct Elements:

• Element 1 – providing direct support CSPPs: with funding allocated across all 30 CSPPs to build local service capacity and transform family support services. Each CSPP is responsible for collectively deciding how to spend this allocation in line with our WFWF Routemap and National Principles of Holistic Whole Family Support
• Element 2 – national support for local delivery: a package of activity aimed at supporting local transformation, including collaborative partnerships with up to three CSPPs; a Learning into Action Network to share learning, facilitate peer support and collaborate; a Knowledge Hub; as well as the commissioned evaluation, research and learning partner work for WFWF
• Element 3 – taking a cross Scottish Government approach to system change: including funding approved for 12 projects led by wider Scottish Government policy teams which will progress the aims of the WFWF

The WFWF Investment Approach.has taken account of the key findings of the Whole Family Wellbeing Funding (WFWF) - year 1 process evaluation: final report - the evaluation report - (published January 2024) which were:

• Approach to funding, allocation, distribution and support: CSPPs saw the WFWF as beneficial and expressed that the funding approach afforded the autonomy and flexibility they needed to tailor their whole family support activities to local needs and align them with their broader children’s services work. CSPPs particularly appreciated having key contacts within the Scottish Government which enabled them to develop a good working relationship
• Designing and planning priorities and activity:
  • Most CSPPs took forward activities with an emphasis on early intervention and prevention family support. Where CSPPs decided to focus WFWF on responsive support (rather than early intervention and prevention), this was based on local needs analysis. Both approaches are in line with WFWF criteria which states that funded activity must work towards delivering WFWF outcomes
  • A number of CSPPs consulted with children, young people and families when developing their initial plans, but ongoing consultation beyond this point was rare
  • All case study areas involved CSPP partners in the development of their plans, however there were mixed views on the extent of the engagement with third sector partners in particular
  • Key enablers of implementation identified by the research included: piloting activity prior to receiving funding; strong strategic and operational involvement in WFWF activities; accessing support from Scottish Government key contacts; concerted efforts at multi-agency working to improve supporting families as a unit; and strong partnerships and alignment with third sector organisations
  • Factors limiting implementation included concerns from CSPP stakeholders about WFWF timescales (notably the length of the Programme) and the consequences this held for recruiting staff. Another issue was the less well-established relationships with third sector partners in some CSPP areas, which also limited the pace of implementation. The report contains some local examples of where these factors were successfully addressed
  • Monitoring delivery: CSPPs were generally more advanced in terms of monitoring delivery of WFWF activity than monitoring outcomes. All CSPPs are working to identify indicators to measure progress
  • Perceptions of progress towards early outcomes: Progress against outcomes among CSPPs varied due to differences in types of activities and WFWF activity maturity, and, overall, was limited. Across the CSPPs who returned CSP annual reports, more than a quarter showed evidence of early, positive progress on 3 of the 11 early WFWF outcomes. These were that CSPPs had begun to shift towards non-siloed ways of working, with support matching the scale of need in their area; CSPPs had started to re-design delivery of services in terms of how families accessed support; and CSPPs had increased collaborative working with adult services and improved, purposeful working between agency partners in delivery of support. CSPPs were not expected to achieve all 11 outcomes; rather, they could choose which outcomes they would aim to achieve and there was no minimum number of outcomes required
  • Overall assessment: The report concludes that substantial progress has been made within and across most CSPPs, as evidenced by their reported progress across the first year. However, from the assessment of CSP annual reports, some activities expected to be key to bringing about early WFWF outcomes had not yet started in some CSPPs. This will likely prevent some CSPPs from achieving the intended early outcomes by the end of Year 2.

Implementation and delivery of WFWF to date: At the end of Year 1, most CSPPs had progressed with implementing and delivering WFWF activity

The evaluation report also made key recommendations for the Scottish Government and for CSPPs to progress with implementation based on the evidence gathered. These related to workforce development; collaboration within and across CSPPs to build relationships and share knowledge; developing systems for CSPPs to gather feedback; supporting CSPPs to plan for delivering family support beyond the WFWF; and continuing to strengthen gathering relevant data and evidence on and the capacity to use this strategically.

Start date of proposal’s development: April 2022

Start date of CRWIA process: March 2022

The Programme’s long-term aim is to improve the experience of children or young people up to the age of 18, and their families, who access Family Support services in their local area. Given the strategic nature of the Programme, it is likely to positively impact a number of children’s rights. For example, the Programme is intended to benefit all children under 18, thus aligning with the definition of a child in Article 1 of the UNCRC and ensuring that all children and their families who need support can benefit.

In Scotland, Family Support is broadly understood to be a range of services to help families meet their individual needs. The Programme aims to transform the way family support is delivered by ensuring families can access seamless and holistic support that is wrapped around their individual needs. It builds on Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC) which aims for all children and young people to live in an equal society that enables them to flourish, to be treated with kindness, dignity and respect, and to have their rights upheld at all times. The Programme is positively impacting the right of a child to know and be cared for by his or her parents under Article 7 of the UNCRC because it aims to provide support to families, ultimately helping them to stay together where it is safe to do so.

The WFWF Programme aims to enable the change necessary at local CSPP level for family support to be sustainable, responsive, flexible and able to adapt to the changing needs of families. The vision for holistic family support is that it fits around families’ needs, and get alongside them in their communities - rather than families needing to fit around services or structures, in line with the Covid-19 Children and Families Collective Leadership Group Holistic Family Support: Vision and Blueprint for Change (www.gov.scot). Families should know what is on offer, and feel empowered to access the support they need – reaching in to it, rather than being referred on to something. The WFWF Programme’s ambition is that holistic whole family support will be available to every family who needs it. The Programme aims to positively affect any child or young person and their families, irrespective of sex, disability, sexuality, race, religion or belief. Our vision is to provide access to the help they need, where and when they need it, and for as long as they need, free from stigma, in line with the Covid-19 Children and Families Collective Leadership Group Holistic Family Support: Vision and Blueprint for Change (www.gov.scot). The Programme takes a holistic view of the term family – adoptive, biological, foster, kinship, extended, composite and others i.e. settings and homes that have felt like family and that some children and young people may belong to more than one family.

The WFWF Programme has been designed to ensure that children, young people and families will be directly positively affected, as this Programme will begin the transformative whole system change in support available to improve their outcomes, health and wellbeing, and life chances. The Programme positively impacts a child’s right to benefit from social security under Article 26 of the UNCRC, as it ensures that CSPPs have a more joined up holistic approach regarding the wellbeing of families. For example, a family support service may direct a parent/carer to benefits a child might be entitled to such as Child Disability Payment or Scottish Child Payment (if appliable).

Our longer term ambition is that holistic whole family support will be available to every family who needs it. However, we recognise that this is a process which will take time, and that CSPPs are at different stages, and taking different approaches to delivery based on local need. Our funding criteria for Element 1 (described on pages 3-4), encourages CSPPs to use their WFWF allocation to focus initially on supporting those families most in need, as per their local Joint Strategic Needs Assessment. For example this could mean a focus on the six priority family types identified in the Executive Summary - Best Start, Bright Futures: tackling child poverty delivery plan 2022 to 2026 - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)., or on children and families at risk of being taken into care. However, it is for local CSPPs to collectively agree how best to deploy their funding in services of their local need. The Programme is positively impacting a number of children’s rights depending on CSPP local need. In respect of the obligations in relation to a child’s education under Article 29 of the UNCRC, the Programme is positively impacting the education of children, as many CSPPs are directing funding towards services for schools, for example to engage and support disaffected young people.

In addition, the aim of the Element 1 funding provided directly to CSPPs is for it to be spent and delivered according to the collective agreement and direction of the local CSPP with accountability resting with each strategic Children’s Services Planning governance forum. The overall responsibility for decision-making on use of the WFWF in local areas remains with CSPPs. CSPPs should ensure that the decisions are based on the assessment of local need including the CSPPs Joint Strategic Needs Assessment identifying local needs of children, young people and families to inform current/proposed service provision.

For Element 2 (as described on page 3) we want to ensure that our national support for local delivery continues to offer a package of activity aimed at supporting local transformation, including collaborative partnerships with up to three CSPPs; a Learning into Action Network to share learning, facilitate peer support and collaborate; a Knowledge Hub; as well as the commissioned evaluation, research and learning partner work for WFWF.

Similarly, Element 3 (as described on page 3) aims to take a cross Scottish Government approach to system change, through the 12 projects led by wider Scottish Government policy teams, which will progress the aims of the WFWF.

1. Summary of the evidence gathered to inform decision-making and the content of the proposal.

The WFWF Programme follows on from the findings of the Independent Care Review - The Promise, the Plan 21-24 - The Promise, the Covid-19 Children and Families Collective Leadership Group Holistic Family Support: Vision and Blueprint for Change and the Holistic whole family support: routemap and national principles - gov.scot.

The Care Review engaged with those with experience of living and working in and around the ‘care system’ to properly understand what needs to change. It heard about over 5,500 experiences. Over half were children, young people and adults who had lived in care. The rest were families and the paid and unpaid workforce. It was their stories that guided the Care Review and their experiences shaped everything the Care Review concluded.

As well as listening carefully to what matters to children, the Care Review considered the research on the ‘care system’ and commissioned its own research to fill knowledge gaps. It reviewed all of the laws and rules, collected data, and made connections across the ‘roots and branches’ of the ‘care system’.

The WFWF Programme funding proposals were designed in partnership with the third sector, health and local government. Consideration was given to the views of children and young people which had already been gathered for other policy development, in particular for the Independent Care Review - The Promise

The Programme is providing additional resources to local areas to test new activities focused on supporting families in a way that works better according to each area’s individual needs. Following stakeholder feedback on an underlying indicator, changes on the funding methodology for Element 1 were agreed by Ministers and COSLA Leaders from financial year 2024/25. The distribution formula that will be used going forward is as follows:

1. The population of children and young people aged 0-17 (45%).

2. The number of children in low-income families (20%) and the number of children in receipt of Scottish Child Payment (SCP) (20%).

3. Rurality, estimated number of children aged 0-17 in rural areas (5%).

4. Multiple deprivation, the number of children in low-income families in the top 20% most deprived data zones (5%) and the number of children in receipt of the SCP in the top 20% most deprived data zones (5%).

In routing funding via CSPPs rather than to individual partners for Element 1, the Scottish Government acknowledges the collaborative role that CSPP partners (in particular local authorities, health boards, and third sector) have in the strategic planning and delivery of family support. Therefore, in determining how their allocation of WFWF should be deployed, CSPPs should collectively ensure that:

• Planning and decision-making is collaborative ensuring parity across all Childen’s Services Planning partners (including the third sector)

• Decisions are based on an assessment of local need including the CSPPs Joint Strategic Needs Assessment identifying local needs of children, young people and families to inform current/proposed service provision.

• In line with Children’s Rights and statutory guidance on Children’s Services Planning, decisions are taken with appropriate consultation of children, young people, families and existing local providers including third sector organisations not currently commissioned by statutory CSP Partners.

Two external stakeholder groups led by the Scottish Government groups, the Coronavirus (COVID-19): Children and Families Collective Leadership Group - gov.scot (www.gov.scot) and the Family Support Advisory Group - gov.scot (www.gov.scot) (formerly known as the Family Support Delivery Group) were consulted on the principles, criteria and spending proposals for the WFWF programme. Discussions also took place with officials across the Scottish Government.

The following engagement supported the development of the WFWF programme:

• the Routemap and National Principles of Holistic Whole Family Support (www.gov.scot) were built on the views of care experienced children, young people and their families as part of their vision for what needed to change in order to #KeepThe Promise. These National Principles are a core part of the criteria for spending the WFWF, eg CSPPs must use this funding to support the transformation of their systems in line with the National Principles of Holistic Family Support

We carefully considered the involvement of children and young people more directly in the development of this policy and expect the following engagement to be undertaken by CSPPs and the national policy programmes as they develop their funding programmes/plans:

• the spending criteria for CSPPs clearly sets out that decisions on the use of this funding must be based on an assessment of local need, including the views and lived experience of children and families. A Supporting Families – A National Self-Assessment Toolkit for Change, created in partnership with stakeholders, was developed to support CSPPs in the design and delivery of holistic whole family support. One of the four main drivers of this toolkit is that children and families should be at the centre of service design, to ensure choice and control for families
• organisations delivering the Element 3 projects are advised to carry out their own CRWIA and engage with children, young people and families in developing their CRWIAs and in the planning of how to spend their WFWF allocation

Additionally, as part of the Year 1 evaluation, our independent external evaluator engaged with children, young people and families who have experience of family support services to understand how they have experienced services, including how services have helped them, empowered them to access their rights under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and how they could be improved. The findings, including examples of how some CSPPs consulted with children, young people, families, and carers when developing their initial plans are available in the report: Whole Family Wellbeing Funding Year 1 Process Evaluation final report (www.gov.scot)

Furthermore, as part of our Year 2 evaluation, we have established a Young People's Panel to inform and identify potential improvements to how the voices and experiences of other young people are included the evaluation. It also affords them a chance to learn about and engage in research, as well as to be part of the development of WFWF as a policy.

We are also continuing to engage directly with CSPPs and with the organisations delivering the Element 3 projects.

2. Gaps in evidence which may prevent determination of impact

There is a gap in determining some effects of whole family interventions as they are difficult to directly measure, take longer to observe and/or they address a wide range of outcomes for families. Additionally, there are other policy initiatives that will have potentially overlapping effects on the same outcomes of the WFWF Programme (for example, the Promise, the Tackling Child Poverty Delivery plan, implementation of the UNCRC, and GIRFEC). The Programme's evaluation is designed with specific awareness of this gap in directly measuring the Programme’s success, through the structure of the logic model and associated outcomes relating to a number of aligning policy initiatives.

The Programme and its impact on the children, young people and families who need support is being monitored through an independent evaluation undertaken by external contractors. A report for Year 1 of the evaluation has been published: Whole Family Wellbeing Funding (WFWF) - year 1 process evaluation: final report - gov.scot (www.gov.scot)The WFWF year 2 evaluation has been designed to use a Contribution Analysis (CA) approach - a theory-based approach that compares the Programme’s Theory of Change (as expressed in the logic model) evidence gathered to draw conclusions on whether the Programme or another intervention has contributed to the outcomes/ changes observed. Relevant evidence to be used consists of primary research in the five qualitative case studies; as well as secondary analysis of CSPPs annual reports; Element 2 research; Element 3 progress updates; the Learning into Action (LiA) evaluation; and local evaluations.

Final findings from the Year 2 evaluation will be available late in 2024, with publication by early 2025. We will continue to evaluate the Programme as we move forward in future years to ensure it meets its intended outcomes. As such, we will continue to use the findings from the Programme evaluation, Element 2 learning partner work and other research evidence to assess and ensure the Programme is impacting positively on the children and young people

The Year 2 evaluation aims to assess the contribution towards the Programme's identified outcomes, as directly attributing changes to the programme is not possible within this context. The Programme logic model overall sets out how the Scottish Government and key stakeholders anticipate these contributions will be made through and beyond the life of Programme. This continues to be tested with evidence from the evaluations. Evaluation reports available at key points in the programme will be continue to be carefully considered to identify any issues that may affect progress towards these outcomes.

3. Analysis of Evidence

There has been renewed discussion of the important role of holistic family

support in promoting family wellbeing and averting family breakdown and recognition that provision of such services across Scotland has become variable. The 2012 National Parenting Strategy - Making a Positive Difference to Children and Young People Through Parenting (www.gov.scot) presented Scotland’s most recent articulation of family support structures and commitments. Since that time the range and complexity of issues facing families and those supporting them has continued to increase and the COVID-19 pandemic brought further challenges. Eradicating child poverty continues to be a priority for the Scottish Government. There has also been an increased awareness and understanding of the negative impact that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Trauma - gov.scot (www.gov.scot) can have on children’s development which, without the right support, can lead to poorer health and social outcomes in adulthood. More recently, there has been a renewed focus on the importance of prevention and early intervention for the pre-birth to 0-3 age range: Early Child Development - CYPIC

The conclusions of the Independent Care Review - The Promise provide a clear business case for increasing and improving family support. Families need effective and high-quality family support which is embedded in the UNCRC and ensures that we consider children's rights whenever we take decisions, and to help provide every child with a good start in life and a safe, healthy and happy childhood. There are a number of relevant UNCRC articles pertinent to this Programme. Family support is also embedded in the principles of early intervention and prevention, universal service provision and commitment to the prevention of childhood trauma. It is aligned with the national delivery of Getting it right for every child (GIRFEC) which is our commitment to provide all children, young people and their families with the right support at the right time. These frameworks are critical to helping families stay together and developing the resilience needed to get through tough times. Rethinking family challenges using systemic family support approaches can help move from inappropriate diagnostic, clinical responses to more relational ones. This builds family and community support networks, and prevents unnecessary long term involvement with services.

The Programme was established with the purpose of driving the system change required at the local level, principally through existing CSPPs, to deliver family support in line with our National Principles. Recognising the varying circumstances of local areas, the Programme has not sought to mandate a specific delivery model that would be required to be followed everywhere. Instead, we have asked CSPPs to assess their current delivery system and consider what the gaps and opportunities were for them in delivering holistic support for families.

The Programme evaluation is helping us to assess how this funding contributes to positive outcomes for children, young people and families who need support. The overall responsibility for decision-making on use of the WFWF in local areas remains with CSPPs. CSPPs are required to ensure that the decisions are based on the assessment of local need including the CSPPs’ Joint Strategic Needs Assessment identifying local needs of all children, young people and families living in that area, as well as those with specific types of need, such as complex health conditions, mental health, care experience, impacted by drugs/alcohol, or living in poverty; to inform current/proposed service provision.

The investment approach has been reviewed, taking account of the key findings of the Whole Family Wellbeing Funding (WFWF) - year 1 process evaluation: final report - the evaluation report - (published January 2024) which were:

• Approach to funding, allocation, distribution and support: CSPPs saw the WFWF as beneficial and expressed that the funding approach afforded the autonomy and flexibility they needed to tailor their whole family support activities to local needs and align them with their broader children’s services work. CSPPs particularly appreciated having key contacts within the Scottish Government as they had a named person to contact with any queries.
• Designing and planning priorities and activity:
  • Most CSPPs took forward activities with an emphasis on early intervention and prevention family support. Where CSPPs decided to focus WFWF on responsive support (rather than early intervention and prevention), this was based on local needs analysis. Both approaches are in line with WFWF criteria which states that funded activity must work towards delivering WFWF outcomes
  • A number of CSPPs consulted with children, young people and families when developing their initial plans, but ongoing consultation beyond this point was rare
  • All case study areas involved CSPP partners in the development of their plans, however there were mixed views on the extent of the engagement with third sector partners in particular
• Implementation and delivery of WFWF to date: At the end of Year 1, most CSPPs had progressed with implementing and delivering WFWF activity
• Key enablers of implementation identified by the research included: piloting activity prior to receiving funding; strong strategic and operational involvement in WFWF activities; accessing support from Scottish Government key contacts; concerted efforts at multi-agency working to improve supporting families as a unit; and strong partnerships and alignment with third sector organisations
• Factors limiting implementation included concerns from CSPP stakeholders about WFWF timescales (notably the length of the programme) and the consequences this held for recruiting staff. Another issue was the less well-established relationships with third sector partners in some CSPP areas, which also limited the pace of implementation. The report contains some local examples of where these factors were successfully addressed
• Monitoring delivery: CSPPs were generally more advanced in terms of monitoring delivery of WFWF activity than monitoring outcomes. All CSPPs are working to identify indicators to measure progress
• Perceptions of progress towards early outcomes: Progress against outcomes among CSPPs varied due to differences in types of activities and WFWF activity maturity, and, overall, was limited. Across the CSPPs who returned annual reports, more than a quarter showed evidence of early, positive progress on 3 of the 11 early WFWF outcomes. These were that CSPPs had begun to shift towards non-siloed ways of working, with support matching the scale of need in their area; CSPPs had started to re-design delivery of services in terms of how families accessed support; and CSPPs had increased collaborative working with adult services and improved, purposeful working between agency partners in delivery of support. CSPPs were not expected to achieve all 11 outcomes; rather, they could choose which outcomes they would aim to achieve and there was no minimum number of outcomes required
• Overall assessment: The report concludes that substantial progress has been made within and across most CSPPs, as evidenced by their reported progress across the first year. However, from the assessment of CSP annual reports, some activities expected to be key to bringing about early WFWF outcomes had not yet started in some CSPPs. This will likely prevent some CSPPs from achieving the intended early outcomes by the end of Year 2.

The evaluation report also made key recommendations for the Scottish Government and for CSPPs to progress with implementation based on the evidence gathered. These related to workforce development; collaboration within and across CSPPs to build relationships and share knowledge; developing systems for CSPPs to gather feedback; supporting CSPPs to plan for delivering family support beyond the WFWF; and continuing to strengthen gathering relevant data and evidence on and the capacity to use this strategically.

4. Changes made to the proposal as a result of this assessment

The Programme is providing additional resources to local areas to test new activities focused on supporting families in a way that works better according to each area’s individual needs. Following stakeholder feedback regarding an underlying indicator, changes on the funding methodology for Element 1 were agreed by Ministers and COSLA Leaders from financial year 2024/25. Due to this feedback, the revised distribution formula that will be used going forward is as follows:

1. The population of children and young people aged 0-17 (45%).

2. The number of children in low-income families (20%) and the number of children in receipt of SCP (20%).

3. Rurality, estimated number of children aged 0-17 in rural areas (5%).

4. Multiple deprivation, the number of children in low-income families in the top 20% most deprived data zones (5%) and the number of children in receipt of SCP in the top 20% most deprived data zones (5%).