Building a New Scotland: An independent Scotland's Place in the World

Endnotes

1 Growth in United Nations membership (accessed February 2024)

2 Sagoo, R (2023) The UK must not sleepwalk into leaving the ECHR (Chatham House)

3 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: an independent Scotland in the EU

4 See Independent Commission for Aid Impact (2023) UK aid under pressure: a synthesis of ICAI findings from 2019 to 2023 and UK Parliament (2023) International Development Committee reveals real world impact of cuts to UK aid. See also UNHCR UK UK Asylum and Policy and the Illegal Migration Act (accessed February 2024)

5 Scottish Government (2023) Counting the impact of Brexit. Also, Scottish Government (2022) A stronger economy with independence and Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: an independent Scotland in the EU

6 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: an independent Scotland in the EU

7 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: an independent Scotland in the EU

8 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

9 Ministry of Defence (2023) Defence’s response to a more contested and volatile world See Threats and Challenges, page 6. Also, United Nations (2023) With Highest Number of Violent Conflicts Since Second World War, United Nations Must Rethink Efforts to Achieve, Sustain Peace, Speakers Tell Security Council, UN Press

10 European Commission (2023) A new outlook on the climate and security nexus: Addressing the impact of climate change and environmental degradation on peace, security and defence

11 ‘Core waters’ refers to waters within the “metropolitan” or “European” EU but excluding the Special Territories of the EU (e.g. Outermost Regions and Overseas Countries and Territories). European Commission (2020) European Marine Observation and Data Network. Scotland’s 63% share of the UK’s current Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is an estimated 462,315 km2. Together with the adjacent continental shelf limits, Scotland’s seas are an estimated 617,643 km2. Marine Scotland Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms) (accessed February 2024)

12 Marine Scotland (2022) Scottish Zone (200M Limit) – Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) adjacent to Scotland – Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Order 2013 also Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Our marine sector in an independent Scotland

13 Marine Scotland estimate Scotland’s coastline to be 18,743 km in length and our seas nearly six times larger than the land area of Scotland. Marine Scotland (2022) Facts and figures about Scotland’s sea area (accessed February 2024)

14 National Cyber Security Centre (2023) NCSC Annual Review 2023

15 NATO (2022) Collective defence and Article 5

16 NATO News Finland joins NATO as 31st Ally, 4 April 2023

17 NATO (2022) Enlargement and Article 10

18 According to the NATO accession process, countries that have declared an interest in joining the Alliance are initially invited to engage in an intensified dialogue with NATO about their membership aspirations and related reforms. See NATO (2022) Enlargement and Article 10

19 European External Action Service (2021) The Common Security and Defence Policy

20 The European Commission (2022) The EU – what it is and what it does

21 European Union (2022) A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence

22 The European Council Joint Declaration on EU-NATO cooperation 2023 sets out a shared vision of how the EU and NATO will act together against common security threats by expanding and deepening EU-NATO cooperation

23 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe What is the OSCE (accessed February 2024)

24 Oireachtas Library Memorandum of Understanding between the UK and Ireland (2015) on the enhancement of bilateral engagement on certain aspects of defence and security co-operation (accessed February 2024)

25 United Nations Chapter VII: Article 51 — Charter of the United Nations

26 NATO (2019) The North Atlantic Treaty, 4 April 1949

27 Scottish Government (2021) Defence – Scotland: A Good Global Citizen – a Scottish perspective on climate, defence, security and external affairs

28 Scottish Government (2023) Creating a modern constitution for an independent Scotland

29 Mills, C and Kirk-Wade, E (2023) The cost of the UK’s strategic nuclear deterrent (House of Commons Library)

30 Cullen, D (2019) Trouble Ahead: Risks and rising costs in the UK nuclear weapons programme (Nuclear Information Service)

31 Mills, C and Kirk-Wade, E (2023) The cost of the UK’s strategic nuclear deterrent (House of Commons Library)

32 Council on Foreign Relations (2023) Nuclear Weapons in Europe: Mapping U.S. and Russian Deployments (accessed February 2024)

33 NATO News Finland joins NATO as 31st Ally, 4 April 2023

34 UK Parliament (2023) Defence in Scotland: the North Atlantic and the High North

35 National Records of Scotland (2023) Scotland’s Census 2022 – Rounded population estimates

36 To note that Ireland has a policy of military neutrality. See Department of Foreign Affairs Ireland’s policy of military neutrality. The current Irish Government is also exploring legislative options to change the protocols for deploying Irish troops overseas. See Lehane, M. Govt set to scrap Triple Lock for Defence Forces, RTE, 23 November 2023

37 The International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2023. Abingdon: Routledge, 2023

38 Scottish Government (2013) Scotland’s Future

39 Scottish Government (2013) Scotland’s Future

40 UK Parliament (2021) Written evidence submitted by the Ministry of Defence to the House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee

41 Ministry of Defence (2023) – Royal Navy take on NATO missile and air defence exercises and UK Government (2023) – Outer Hebrides missile defence exercise brings NATO together. Also Forces Net (2023) – International frigates to descend on Glasgow for UK-led Exercise Joint Warrior

42 Scottish Veterans Commissioner (2019) Positive Futures – Getting Transition Right in Scotland

43 Scottish Veterans Commissioner (2019) Positive Futures – Getting Transition Right in Scotland

44 Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework Support for Veterans – A guide to armed forces’ qualifications and what they mean in Scotland (accessed February 2024)

45 Scottish Government (2020) Support for veterans: strategy

46 Scottish Government (2022) The Strategy for Our Veterans – taking the strategy forward in Scotland: refreshed action plan

47 Scottish Veterans Commissioner Information about the role of the Scottish Veterans Commissioner (accessed February 2024)

48 ADS (2023) £7 billion in turnover and £3.2 billion in value add from Scotland’s aerospace, defence, security and space sectors

49 UK Government (2022) British shipyard awarded £4.2 billion to build Royal Navy ships

50 Babcock International Type 31 – Delivering the next generation of warships (accessed February 2024)

51 UK National Shipbuilding Office (2022) National Shipbuilding Strategy

52 HM Government (2021) Global Britain in a competitive age: The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy

53 Space Scotland (2021) A Strategy for Space In Scotland

54 Scottish Development International Scotland’s space industry opportunities and space capabilities

55 Scottish Development International (2023) From spaceports to satellites: the growth of Scotland’s space sector. See also Scottish Development International (2023) To boldly go: harnessing satellite data for businesses and environment

56 National Cyber Security Centre (2023) UK and allies expose Russian intelligence services for cyber campaign of attempted political interference

57 According to data from the 2021 national Population and Housing Census as at 31 December 2021, there were 1,331,824 people living in Estonia. The population of Scotland was estimated to be 5,436,600 on Census Day, 20 March 2022

See Estonia Counts, Population distribution (accessed February 2024) and National Records of Scotland (2023) Scotland’s Census 2022 – Rounded population estimates

58 Naylor, E (2020) Estonia’s Crucial Role in Tackling Growing Cyber Threats (Chatham House)

59 Scottish Government (2015) Safe, secure and prosperous: a cyber resilience strategy for Scotland

60 Scottish Government (2023) Taking Stock: report on progress towards a cyber resilient Scotland

61 Scottish Government (2021) Cyber Resilient Scotland: strategic framework

62 European Parliament and European Council (2022) Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of The European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive)

63 Scottish Government (2021) Global biodiversity framework: Edinburgh Process – information. Signatories are listed here: Current signatories

64 Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Government at COP26: What was achieved?

65 Scottish Government Human Rights: Our international obligations (accessed February 2024)

66 Government of Ireland and Scottish Government (2019) Ireland-Scotland Joint Bilateral Review Report and Recommendations 2021–25

67 Scottish Government (2018) Global Goals Partnership Agreement between Scotland and Malawi

68 See Scottish Government International development

69 See Scottish Government Promoting human rights internationally – Human rights

70 Bond (2023) “The UK aid cuts and the rushed FCDO merger have harmed the UK’s reputation and caused disruption to the sector” – Bond reacts to ICAI review on the last four years of UK aid

71 Analysis suggests a focus on the poorest has “unquestionably been lost”. See Hughes, S and Michell, I (2023) How to Reverse the Decline in the Poverty Focus of UK Aid (Center for Global Development). The UK’s own Independent Commission for Aid Impact reviewed the impact of the merger finding that it left FCDO “inward looking and distracted“ with a significant loss in expertise, while the cuts significantly damaged UK‘s reputation. See Independent Commission for Aid Impact (2023) Brexit, COVID-19 and budget reductions put extraordinary pressure on UK aid since 2019. In the view of Bond, the UK umbrella organisation for NGOs, “the UK aid cuts and the rushed FCDO merger have harmed the UK’s reputation and caused disruption to the sector”. See Bond (2023) “The UK aid cuts and the rushed FCDO merger have harmed the UK’s reputation and caused disruption to the sector” – Bond reacts to ICAI review on the last four years of UK aid

72 Fisher, L. Foreign Office report reveals ‘grim’ human toll of UK’s overseas aid cuts, Financial Times, 1 August 2023

73 House of Commons Library (2022) The 0.7% aid target

74 Wintour, P. (2023) Britain spends three times more aid on housing refugees than it sends to Africa | Aid, The Guardian, 5 April 2023

75 UK Parliament (2023) The 0.7% of GNI ODA Target: 2022 – Hansard

76 Loft, P and Brien, P (2023) UK aid: Spending reductions since 2020 and outlook from 2023, House of Commons Library. See also UK Government (2023) Autumn Statement 2023

77 See for example Kenny, C (2021) We should be spending more of available aid in poorer countries, not less (Center for Global Development). Also, Independent Commission for Aid Impact (2019) The Current State of UK Aid: A Synthesis of ICAI Findings from 2015 to 2019

78 OECD DAC Aid at a glance by donor 2020/21 (accessed February 2024)

79 OECD DAC Aid at a glance by donor 2020/21 (accessed February 2024)

80 The Scottish figure is calculated as 0.7% of Gross National Income (GNI) in 2021 and converted into USD using 2021 exchange rate. The GNI figure for Scotland is sourced from Scottish Government (2023) Primary income accounts and gross national income (GNI): 1998-2021

81 The Overseas Development Institute’s indicator Principled Aid Index 2023 ranks Sweden, Ireland, and Norway in 1st, 2nd and 3rd position respectively (accessed February 2024)

82 Center for Global Development Commitment to Development Index 2023 (accessed February 2024)

83 Woden, Q et al (2018) Missed Opportunities: The high cost of not educating girls (World Bank)

84 OECD (2005) The Paris Declaration on aid effectives: five principles for smart aid

85 Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 60 percent of the global poor at the US$2.15 poverty line in 2019. Thirty- five percent of the population (389 million) in the region lived below the international poverty line. See The World Bank (2022) Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 (page 34). Extreme poverty is projected to become increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, with poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa projected to remain intractably above the UN Global Goal target to end poverty by 2030. See The World Bank (2022) Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 (page 58)

86 Foreign, Commonwealth and development Office (2022) Statistics on International Development: final UK aid spend 2022 (accessed February 2024)

87 Ritchie E, Mitchell, I and Hughes S (2021) Assessing the UK’s ODA Focus on Poverty and Africa (Center for Global Development)

88 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Case study: Locally-Led Loss & Damage Programming in Malawi: How Scotland Spent its COP26 Pledge to Loss & Damage (accessed February 2024). See also Climate Change News (2021) Scotland breaks loss and damage “taboo”, raising hopes others will follow

89 Scotland is currently driving diplomatic efforts for climate and nature action as the co-chair of the Under2 Coalition, the largest network of sub-national governments committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050 – or earlier – and by promoting the Edinburgh Declaration on Biodiversity. See The Climate Group Under2 Coalition and Scottish Government (2022) Edinburgh Declaration on post-2020 global biodiversity framework

90 C40 Cities (2023) Scottish Government and C40 launch partnership and report on locally-led inclusive climate action for loss and damage and Anderson,S (2013) Can Scotland’s Climate Justice Fund show the way? (International Institute for Environment and Development)

91 State Treasury Republic of Finland Carbon Neutral Finland 2035 (accessed February 2024)

92 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish independence: industrial policy

93 Scotland Act (1998) Schedule 5, Section 7 Foreign affairs etc

94 D’Auterive, N (2023) The Pandemic Accord Explained: What Countries are Doing to Protect Against Future Global Health Emergencies (UN Foundation)

95 See for example, then UN Framework Convention on Climate Change executive secretary Patricia Espinosa’s tweet. Espinosa, P (Patricia Espinosa C., @PespinosaC., 26 September 20219) ‘Congratulations, Scotland, for demonstrating bold leadership on #ClimateAction passing a law to reduce emissions by 75% by 2030 and towards becoming a net-zero society by 2045. This is an inspiring example of the level of ambition we need globally to achieve the #ParisAgreement.’ X, accessed February 2024

96 Wright,G (2020) UK threats to break international law make a Brexit deal even more difficult (Institute for Government) and Trevelyan,L.(2023) Human rights: UK ministers continue to discuss drastic step of leaving ECHR (International Bar Association)

97 UN Treaties

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (CAT) Council of Europe Treaties

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

European Social Charter (ESC)

European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (CPT) European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML)

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCPNM) European Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (CATHB)

European Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention)

98 Sagoo, R (2023) The UK must not sleepwalk into leaving the ECHR (Chatham House)

99 Scottish Government (2023) UNCRC (Incorporation) (Scotland) Bill: Cabinet Secretary’s statement

100 Scottish Government Human rights (accessed February 2024)

101 Istanbul Convention intends to prevent and combat violence against women and domestic violence. See Council of Europe Istanbul Convention Action against violence against women and domestic violence (accessed February 2024). See also Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

102 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Creating a modern constitution for an independent Scotland

103 See page 7 of Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: Creating a modern constitution for an independent Scotland

104 Scottish Government (2023) Taking a Feminist Approach to International Relations

105 UN Women Feminist foreign policies: an intoduction (accessed February 2024)

106 Scottish Government (2023) Support for women tackling conflict

107 UNHCR (2023) UK Illegal Migration Bill: UN Refugee Agency and UN Human Rights Office warn of profound impact on human rights and international refugee protection system, 18 July 2023 and UN (2022) UN expert urges UK to halt transfer of asylum seekers to Rwanda, 17 June 2022

108 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

109 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

110 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: migration to Scotland after independence

111 European Commission (2023) Population on 1 January, Eurostat (accessed February 2024)

112 Office for National Statistics (2020) Census 2021: United Kingdom Population mid-year estimate (accessed February 2024)

113 See for example Scottish Government (2023) An independent Scotland in the EU

114 Scottish Government (2022) Independence in the modern world. Wealthier, happier, fairer: why not Scotland?

115 Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

116 Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

117 European Commission (2023) DG Trade statistical guide – August 2023, Publications Office of the European Union

118 Wellbeing Economy Alliance (WEAll) Wellbeing Economy Governments (WEGo) (accessed February 2024)

119 Scottish Government (2022) National Strategy for Economic Transformation

120 Scottish Affairs Committee (2022) Is enough being done to promote Scotland abroad – written evidence by Scottish Chamber of Commerce Network, UK Parliament and Scottish Affairs Committee (2022) Written evidence submitted by NFU Scotland on how Scotland is promoted Internationally by UK Government, UK Parliament

121 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012) Policy Priorities for International Trade and Jobs

122 The World Bank (2018) Stronger Open Trade Policies Enable Economic Growth for All

123 Scottish Government (2019) Scotland: A Trading Nation; Scottish Government (2020) Shaping Scotland’s Economy: Inward Investment Plan; Scottish Government (2021) Investing with Purpose: Global Capital Investment Plan

124 Scottish Government (2022) Scotland’s National Strategy for Economic Transformation

125 See: https://www.scotland.org

126 Scottish Government (2023) Scottish Connections Framework

127 See for example, the Scottish Government’s concerns regarding the UK Government’s approach to UK-US trade negotiations. Scottish Government (2023) UK-US trade partnership: letter to the UK Government and Scottish Government (2021) Letter to Lord Frost from Mairi Gougeon MSP: 15 September 2021

128 Scottish Government (2023) Scotland’s Vision for Trade: annual report – June 2023

129 See for example, the Scottish Government has expressed its concern that the UK-Australia FTA will facilitate the mass import of Australian agri-food produced to lower production standards. Scottish Government (2022) Free Trade Agreements: letter to UK Government

130 UK Parliament (2022) Australia and New Zealand Trade Deals: Volume 722: debated on Monday 14 November 2022, Hansard

131 Scottish Government (2021) Scotland’s Vision for Trade

132 Scottish Government (2020) EU-UK Negotiations: Outcome Analysis

133 Scottish Government (2022) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

134 UK Government (2016) HM Treasury analysis: the long-term economic impact of EU membership and the alternatives

135 European Commission (2023) Population on 1 January, Eurostat (accessed February 2024)

136 Scottish Government (2022) Hydrogen action plan

137 Scottish Government (2023) Draft Energy Strategy and Just Transition Plan

138 Crown Estate Scotland (2023) CCUS/CO₂ Storage Sector Profile (accessed February 2024)

139 See Scottish Government (2023) Climate Change Plan Monitoring Report 2023: Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) – Climate change monitoring report 2023. Also, Scottish Government (2023) Annex A.7 – Wellbeing Economy, Fair Work & Energy – Scottish Budget: 2024 to 2025

140 Scottish Government (2023) Building a New Scotland: A stronger economy with independence

141 More recent data has now been published: GVA for the food and drink sector was £5.4 billion in 2020. See Scottish Government (2023) Growth sector statistics

142 Scottish Development International Space technology industry in Scotland (accessed February 2024)

143 The White House (2022) Inflation Reduction Act Guidebook

144 Ghantous, N. (2023) Canada’s Inflation Reduction Act response: An $80bn clean energy plan, Energy Monitor

145 European Commission Finance and the Green Deal (accessed February 2024)

146 Stephen Phipson, chief executive of manufacturers trade body Make UK recently stated that “A lack of a proper, planned, industrial strategy is the UK’s Achilles heel.” De Urquia, BV. UK urged to stop ‘flip-flopping’ on industrial strategy, The Engineering and Technology Magazine, 9 May 2023. See also Islam, F and Thomas, D. UK car parts giant Unipart may shift investment to US, BBC News, 26 April 2023

147 Scottish Government (2024) Scottish independence: industrial policy

148 Scottish Government (2023) Scottish Connections Framework

149 Scottish Government (2023) Understanding Scotland’s International Network – International network: annual report 2022-2023

150 Ipsos (2023) The Anholt-Ipsos Nation Brands Index – 2023

151 Scottish Government (2019) Arctic Connections: Scotland’s Arctic policy framework

152 Scottish Government Early education and care: Baby boxes (accessed February 2024)

153 Scottish Government (2024) Establishing Bairns’ Hoose in Scotland

154 See: Scottish Government (2022) Scottish Government at COP26: What was achieved?

155 Scottish Government (2022) Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (accessed February 2024)

156 OSPAR Commission 1992 OSPAR Convention

157 Scottish Government (2022) Negotiations and total allowable catch – Sea fisheries (accessed February 2024)

158 Scottish Government (2021) Marine Scotland: Outcome of UK and Norway Bilateral Consultations

159 Scottish Government (2019) Arctic Connections: Scotland’s Arctic policy framework

160 See The University of the Arctic: Member Profiles: Non-Arctic (accessed February 2024)

161 European Union External Action (2022) EU in the World (accessed February 2024)

162 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Muench, S., Stoermer, E., Jensen, K. et al., Towards a green & digital future – Key requirements for successful twin transitions in the European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/977331

163 Scottish Government (2021) Steadfastly European, Scotland’s Past, Present and Future

164 Scottish Government (2023) European Commission Work Programme 2023: Scottish Government commentary

165 See Scotland.org: Scotland and the USA (accessed February 2024). Also Scotland.org: Scotland and Canada (accessed February 2024)

166 Scottish Government: A Trading Nation: United States of America (accessed February 2024)

167 See United Nations: United Nations Charter

168 See The Global Goals

169 United Nations (2023) – UN General Assembly votes by large majority for immediate humanitarian ceasefire during emergency session

170 See The Commonwealth

171 See Scotland’s International Business Network – GlobalScot

172 Scottish Government Trade and investment envoys – International trade and investment (accessed February 2024)

173 Scottish Government (2024) Scotland’s international education strategy

174 Scotland Europa Scotland House Brussels

175 Scottish Government Scotland House London

176 An illustration of an independent Scotland’s possible initial diplomatic coverage (first phase): Bilateral Embassies/ High Commissions (Heads of Mission in many of these could be accredited as non-resident Ambassadors or High Commissioners to other countries in their region) in Ottawa; Washington DC; Brasilia; Dublin; London; Paris; Bern, The Hague; Berlin; Madrid; Rome; Warsaw; Copenhagen; Stockholm; Oslo; Tallinn, Budapest, Kyiv; Ankara; Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Kigali; Lilongwe; Lusaka; Pretoria; Islamabad; New Delhi; Beijing; Tokyo; Jakarta, Canberra; Wellington. Missions to multilateral organisations in New York, Strasbourg, Geneva, Addis Ababa. Multipurpose hubs (combining host country, multilateral missions and regional coverage) in Brussels, Vienna and Singapore

177 Figures include resident bilateral missions only and do not include non-resident missions, regional consulates, honorary consuls, trade offices or representation offices

178 Figures include both resident and non-resident missions

179 European and International Affairs Federal Ministry of the Republic of Austria (2024) – Directory of Austrian Foreign Representation (accessed February 2024)

180 Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia – Embassies of the Republic of Croatia in the world (accessed February 2024)

181 Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Czech Republic Czech Missions Abroad (accessed February 2024)

182 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Danish embassies and consulates abroad (accessed February 2024)

183 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland Embassies, consulates general and honorary consulates by country (accessed February 2024)

184 Ireland Department of Foreign Affairs Irish Embassies and Consulates Abroad (accessed February 2024)

185 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania Lithuania Ministry of Foreign Affairs Find us abroad (accessed February 2024)

186 New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Embassies (accessed February 2024)

187 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore Overseas Missions (accessed February 2024)

188 European Commission Representation Offices (accessed February 2024)

189 European Commission Representation Offices (accessed February 2024)

190 Scottish Government (2024) Scotland’s International Strategy