Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2012

Section E. Further information and Glossary

Further Information

Methodology and Source data

Full details of the methodology used to estimate Scottish greenhouse gas emissions together with further breakdowns are provided on the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory website in the publication Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2012.

Scotland's Carbon Footprint

Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions on a Consumption Basis ("Scotland's Carbon Footprint")

Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009:

This legislation outlines the requirements for percentage reductions targets for 2020 and 2050 and fixed annual targets

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/climatechangeact

Relevant Secondary Legislation associated with Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

Climate Change (Annual Targets) (Scotland) Order 2010

This Order sets the first batch of annual emissions reduction targets, for the period 2010-2022.

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/359/introduction/made

Climate Change (Annual Targets) (Scotland) Order 2011

This Order sets the second batch of annual emissions reduction targets, for the period 2023-2027.

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/climatechangeact/order2011

The Carbon Accounting Scheme (Scotland) Regulations 2010

These Regulations establish the scheme for monitoring compliance with the annual emissions reduction targets set for 2010-2012. They also cover a range of administrative issues relating to emissions accounting

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/216/contents/made.

National Performance Framework Sustainability Purpose Targets http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/purpose/sustainability

Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) statistics https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/about/statistics#emissions-and-climate-change-statistics

UK greenhouse gas inventory national system

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-statistics-user-guidance

Committee on Climate Change (CCC)

The CCC is an independent body established under the Climate Change Act to advise the UK Government and devolved administrations on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

http://www.theccc.org.uk

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.

http://unfccc.int/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. They provide advice to the UNFCCC on the scientific evidence and developments which are used to inform National Inventories.

http://www.ipcc.ch/

EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

Further information can be found in the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) website.

https://www.gov.uk/participating-in-the-eu-ets

Scottish Energy Statistics

An overview of trends from energy generation statistics in Scotland can be found in the Scottish Government report: Energy in Scotland 2014 - statistics compendium

This publication provides a statistical overview of current and historic energy production, transformation, and consumption in Scotland. It includes sections on:

• the economic contribution of the energy sector
• fossil fuel extraction
• electricity
• energy consumption
• energy prices
• low carbon economy

Table E1. Mapping between Scottish Government sectors, National Communication sectors, International Panel for Climate Change sectors and source

SG Sector	NC Category	IPCC Sector	Source Name
Energy Supply	Energy Supply	1A1a Public Electricity & Heat Production	Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion
			Power stations
			Public sector combustion
		1A1b Petroleum Refining	Refineries - combustion
		1A1ci Manufacture of Solid Fuels-coke	Coke production
			Solid smokeless fuel production
		1A1cii Other Energy Industries	Collieries - combustion
			Gas production
			Nuclear fuel production
			Town gas manufacture
			Upstream Gas Production - fuel combustion
			Upstream oil and gas production - combustion at gas separation plant
			Upstream Oil Production - fuel combustion
		1B1a Post-MiningActivities	Coal storage and transport
		1B1a Surface Mines	Open-cast coal
		1B1a Underground Mines	Deep-mined coal
		1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation	Charcoal production
			Coke production
			Iron and steel - flaring
			Solid smokeless fuel production
		1B1c Closed Coal Mines	Closed Coal Mines
		1B2a Oil Exploration	Upstream Oil Production - Offshore Well Testing
		1B2a Oil Other	Upstream Oil Production - Onshore Oil Loading
		1B2a Oil Production	Upstream Oil Production - process emissions
		1B2a Oil Transport	Upstream Oil Production - Offshore Oil Loading
		1B2a Refining/Storage	Petroleum processes
			Upstream Oil Production - Oil terminal storage
		1B2b Distribution	Gas leakage
		1B2b Gas Exploration	Upstream Gas Production - Offshore Well Testing
		1B2b Gas Production	Upstream Gas Production - Gas terminal storage
			Upstream Gas Production - process emissions
		1B2b Transmission	Gas leakage
		1B2c Flaring Gas	Upstream Gas Production - flaring
		1B2ci Venting Gas	Upstream Gas Production - venting
		1B2ci Venting Oil	Upstream Oil Production - venting
		1B2cii Flaring Oil	Upstream Oil Production - flaring
		2A3 Limestone & Dolomite Use	Power stations - FGD
Business and Industrial process	Business	1A2a Manufacturing Industry&Construction:I&S	Blast furnaces
			Iron and steel - combustion plant
		1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals	Non-Ferrous Metal (combustion)
		1A2c Chemicals	Ammonia production - combustion
			Chemicals (combustion)
		1A2d Pulp Paper Print	Pulp, Paper and Print (combustion)
		1A2e Food drink tobacco	Food & drink, tobacco (combustion)
		1A2f Manufacturing Industry&Construction:Other	Autogeneration - exported to grid
			Autogenerators
			Cement production - combustion
			Lime production - non decarbonising
			Other industrial combustion
		1A2fii Manufacturing Industry&Construction:Off-road	Industrial engines
			Industrial off-road mobile machinery
		1A4a Commercial/Institutional	Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion
		2B5 Carbon from NEU of products	Other industrial combustion
		2F1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment	Commercial Refrigeration
			Domestic Refrigeration
			Industrial Refrigeration
			Mobile Air Conditioning
			Refrigerated Transport
			Stationary Air Conditioning
		2F2 Foam Blowing	Foams
		2F3 Fire Extinguishers	Firefighting
		2F5 Solvents	Other PFC use
			Precision cleaning - HFC
		2F9 Other	SF6 used as a tracer gas
		2F9 Other (one component foams)	One Component Foams
		2F9 Other (semiconductors electrical sporting goods)	2F9 other
	Industrial Process	1A2a Manufacturing Industry&Construction:I&S	Sinter production
		2A1 Cement Production	Cement - decarbonising
		2A2 Lime Production	Lime production - decarbonising
		2A3 Limestone & Dolomite Use	Basic oxygen furnaces
			Sinter production
		2A7 (Fletton Bricks)	Brick manufacture - Fletton
		2A7 Glass Production	Glass - general
		2B1 Ammonia Production	Ammonia production - feedstock use of gas
		2B2 Nitric Acid Production	Nitric acid production
		2B3 Adipic Acid Production	Adipic acid production
		2B5 Chemical Industry Other	Chemical industry - ethylene
			Chemical industry - general
			Chemical industry - methanol
		2C1 Iron&Steel	Electric arc furnaces
			Iron and steel - flaring
			Ladle arc furnaces
		2C3 Aluminium Production	Primary aluminium production - general
			Primary aluminium production - PFC emissions
		2C4 Cover gas used in Al and Mg foundries	Magnesium cover gas
		2E1 Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride	Halocarbons production - by-product
		2E2 Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride	Halocarbons production - fugitive
		3 Solvent and Other Product Use	Solvent use
Transport (excluding international aviation and shipping)	Transport	1A3aii Civil Aviation Domestic	Aircraft - domestic cruise
			Aircraft - domestic take-off and landing
		1A3b Road Transportation	Road transport - all vehicles LPG use
			Road transport - buses and coaches - motorway driving
			Road transport - buses and coaches - rural driving
			Road transport - buses and coaches - urban driving
			Road transport - cars - cold start
			Road transport - cars - motorway driving
			Road transport - cars - rural driving
			Road transport - cars - urban driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - motorway driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - rural driving
			Road transport - HGV articulated - urban driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - motorway driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - rural driving
			Road transport - HGV rigid - urban driving
			Road transport - LGVs - cold start
			Road transport - LGVs - motorway driving
			Road transport - LGVs - rural driving
			Road transport - LGVs - urban driving
			Road transport - mopeds (<50cc 2st) - urban driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 2st) - rural driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 2st) - urban driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - motorway driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - rural driving
			Road transport - motorcycle (>50cc 4st) - urban driving
			Road vehicle engines
		1A3c Railways	Rail - coal
			Railways - freight
			Railways - intercity
			Railways - regional
		1A3dii National Navigation	Inland goods-carrying vessels
			Marine engines
			Motorboats / workboats (e.g. canal boats, dredgers, service boats, tourist boats, river boats)
			Personal watercraft e.g. jet ski
			Sailing boats with auxiliary engines
			Shipping - coastal
		1A3e Other Transportation	Aircraft - support vehicles
		1A4a Commercial/Institutional	Railways - stationary combustion
		1A4ciii Fishing	Fishing vessels
		1A5b Other:Mobile	Aircraft - military
			Shipping - naval
Residential	Residential	1A4bi Residential	Domestic combustion
		1A4bii Residential:Off-road	House and garden machinery
		2B5 Chemical Industry Other	Non-aerosol products - household products
		2F4 Aerosols	Aerosols - halocarbons
			Metered dose inhalers
		6C Waste Incineration	Accidental fires - vehicles
Public	Public	1A4a Commercial/Institutional	Public sector combustion
Waste Management	Waste Management	6A1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land	Landfill
		6B1 Industrial Wastewater Handling	Industrial Waste Water Treatment
		6B2 Wastewater Handling	Sewage sludge decomposition
		6C Waste Incineration	Incineration
			Incineration - chemical waste
			Incineration - clinical waste
			Incineration - sewage sludge
Agriculture and related land use	Agriculture	1A4ci Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing:Stationary	Agriculture - stationary combustion
			Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion
		1A4cii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing:Off-road	Agricultural engines
			Agriculture - mobile machinery
		2B5 Chemical Industry Other	Agriculture - agrochemicals use
		4A10 Enteric Fermentation Deer	Agriculture livestock - deer enteric
		4A1a Enteric Fermentation Dairy	Agriculture livestock - dairy cattle enteric
		4A1b Enteric Fermentation Non-Dairy	Agriculture livestock - other cattle enteric
		4A3 Enteric Fermentation Sheep	Agriculture livestock - sheep enteric
		4A4 Enteric Fermentation Goats	Agriculture livestock - goats enteric
		4A6 Enteric Fermentation Horses	Agriculture livestock - horses enteric
		4A8 Enteric Fermentation Swine	Agriculture livestock - pigs enteric
		4B10 Manure Management Deer	Agriculture livestock - deer wastes
		4B12 Liquid Systems	Agriculture livestock - manure liquid systems
		4B13 Solid Storage and Drylot	Agriculture livestock - manure solid storage and dry lot
		4B14 Other	Agriculture livestock - manure other
		4B1a Manure Management Dairy	Agriculture livestock - dairy cattle wastes
		4B1b Manure Management Non-Dairy	Agriculture livestock - other cattle wastes
		4B3 Manure Management Sheep	Agriculture livestock - sheep goats and deer wastes
		4B4 Manure Management Goats	Agriculture livestock - goats wastes
		4B6 Manure Management Horses	Agriculture livestock - horses wastes
		4B8 Manure Management Swine	Agriculture livestock - pigs wastes
		4B9 Manure Management Poultry	Agriculture livestock - broilers wastes
			Agriculture livestock - laying hens wastes
			Agriculture livestock - other poultry wastes
		4D Agricultural Soils	Agricultural soils
		4F1 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues	Field burning
		4F5 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues	Field burning
	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	5B Cropland (Biomass Burning - controlled)	Cropland - Biomass Burning\Controlled Burning
		5B Cropland (Biomass Burning - wildfires)	Cropland - Biomass Burning\Wildfires
		5B Liming	Cropland - Liming
		5B1 Cropland Remaining Cropland	Cropland remaining Cropland
		5B2 Land Converted to Cropland	Land converted to Cropland
		5B2 N2O emissions from disturbance associated with land-use conversion to cropland	N2O emissions from disturbance associated with land-use conversion to cropland
		5C Grassland (Biomass burning - controlled)	Grassland - Biomass Burning\Controlled Burning
		5C Grassland (Biomass Burning - wildfires)	Grassland - Biomass Burning\Wildfires
		5C Liming	Grassland - Liming
		5C1 Grassland Remaining Grassland	Grassland remaining Grassland
		5C2 Land converted to grassland	Land converted to Grassland
		5D1 Wetlands remaining wetlands	Wetlands remaining Wetland
		5D2 Land converted to wetlands	Land converted to Wetland
		5D2 Non-CO2 emissions from drainage of soils and wetlands	Non-CO2 emissions from drainage of soils and wetlands
Development (land use change)	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	5E Settlements (Biomass burning - controlled)	Settlements - Biomass Burning\Controlled Burning
		5E1 Settlements remaining settlements	Settlements remaining Settlements
		5E2 Land converted to settlements	Land converted to Settlements
Forestry	Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry	5A Forest Land (Biomass Burning - wildfires)	Forest Land - Biomass Burning\Wildfires
		5A Forest Land (Drainage of soils)	Forest Land - Drainage of Organic Soils
		5A1 Forest Land Remaining Forest Land	Forest Land remaining Forest Land
		5A2 Forest Land (N fertilisation)	Direct N2O emission from N fertilisation of forest land
		5A2 Land Converted to Forest Land	Land converted to Forest Land
		5G Other (Harvested wood)	Harvested Wood Products
International Aviation and Shipping	International Aviation and Shipping	International aviation	Aircraft - international cruise
			Aircraft - international take-off and landing
			Aircraft between UK and CDs - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and CDs - TOL
			Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and Gibraltar - TOL
			Aircraft between UK and other Ots (excl Gib.) - Cruise
			Aircraft between UK and other OTs (excl Gib.) - TOL
		International shipping	Shipping - international IPCC definition
			Shipping between UK and Gibraltar
			Shipping between UK and OTs (excl. Gib)

GLOSSARY

Adjusted emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions that have taken into account purchases/sales through the EU ETS. Adjusted emissions may be higher or lower than actual emitted emissions depending on the quantity of purchases or sales. Scottish Government emission reduction targets are assessed using adjusted emissions.

Afforestation

The act or process of establishing a forest on land that has not been forested in recent history.

Baseline

Emissions reduction is based on a baseline. For the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, 1990 was specified as the baseline. 1995 is the baseline for emissions of the F-gases.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases responsible for climate change. It is mostly emitted through the oxidation of carbon in fossil fuels, e.g. burning coal.

Carbon sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores CO₂ compound for an indefinite period.

Climate change

Climate change is a long-term change in the earth's climate. This can be accelerated by human activity, e.g. releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere.

Deforestation

The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc., or the harvesting of trees for building materials or fuel.

EU ETS

The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national emissions trading system in the world. Operating across Europe the system is mandatory for large energy-intensive industrial installations. Compared with 2005 levels, the EU ETS aims to deliver a 21 per cent reduction in emissions by 2020 and a 43 per cent reduction by 2030.

Over 10,000 installations throughout the EU are covered by the system, accounting for nearly 50 per cent of the EU's total CO₂ emissions.

The EU ETS began in 2005. Phase II commenced in January 2008 and runs to December 2012.

Fluorinated gases (F-gases)

F-gases are the generic name given to HFCs, PFCs and SF₆. These have been used as replacements for CFCs, which are ozone depleting substances that have been banned under the Montreal Protocol. They have very high GWPs.

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is the process by which heat from the sun is trapped within the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases. This process is also known as radiative forcing.

Greenhouse gas

A greenhouse gas is a gas which absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the surface of the Earth, helping to retain a portion of that energy in the atmosphere as heat.

Global warming potential (GWP)

GWP is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. It is a relative scale which compares a gas to CO₂.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

HFCs are produced commercially as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HFCs are largely used in refrigeration and insulating foam. Their Global Warming Potentials range from 140 to 11,700 times that of CO₂, depending on the gas type.

Inventory

The contains greenhouse gas emissions estimates for Scotland and the UK. The Inventory is a disaggregation of the UK Inventory, which is based on six major sectors: energy, industrial processes, solvents and other product use, agriculture, land-use change and forestry, and waste.

LULUCF

Estimates of emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) depend critically on assumptions made on the rate of loss or gain of carbon in Scotland's carbon rich soils. In Scotland, LULUCF activities, taken as a whole, acts as a sink, absorbing more greenhouse gas emissions than it releases.

Methane (CH₄)

Methane is a greenhouse gas that is around 21 times more potent in the atmosphere than CO₂ over a 100-year time horizon. Main sources include agriculture and landfill.

National Communication (NC) Sectors

The UK NC sectors are agreed groupings of the more detailed sectors reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the UK. This report uses Scottish Government sectors. Mapping of these to NC sectors and IPCC sectors can be seen in Section E.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is around 310 times more potent in the atmosphere than CO₂ over a 100-year time horizon. The main source is agricultural soil

Other Petroleum Gas (OPG)

This consists mainly of ethane plus some other hydrocarbons, excluding butane and propane.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

PFCs are a by-product of aluminium smelting. They are also the replacement for CFCs in manufacturing semiconductors. The Global Warming Potentials of PFCs ranges from 6,500 - 9,200 times that of CO₂ over a 100-year time horizon.

Radiative forcing

An externally imposed perturbation in the radiative energy budget of the Earth's atmosphere. Such a perturbation can be brought about by changes in the concentrations of radiatively active species (e.g. greenhouse gases), changes in the solar irradiance incident upon the planet, or other changes that affect the radiative energy absorbed by the surface (e.g. changes in surface reflection properties).

Sequestration

The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere.

Source (UNFCCC definition)

Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas or a precursor GHG to the atmosphere.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)

It is largely used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage equipment and to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems. Its GWP is some 23,900 times that of CO₂ over a 100-year time horizon.

UNFCCC

In 1992, the was adopted as the basis for a global response to climate change. The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.